Migraine Headaches

Jaquelyn Ballentine HE 101 Blua 10 November 2008 Migraine headaches What are migraine headaches? Where do they come from? How can you help prevent them? Migraine headaches cannot really just be simplified down to just one classification. There are many determining factors when classifying one.One type of migraine is a migraine without aura; this is probably the most common form of a migraine. These migraines can last anywhere between 4-72 hours non-stop, which can be pretty painful. Typical characteristics of this are unilateral location, pulsating quality, moderate or severe intensity, aggravation by routine physical activity and association with nausea and/or photophobia(sensitivity to bright light) or phonophobia(sensitivity to sound or noise). These symptoms can very much interfere with daily life and routines.The next type of a migraine is a migraine with aura, this is the second most commonly seen form of a migraine, and people who suffer from these might also suffer from migra ines without aura. The symptoms of a migraine with aura usually follow the symptoms of a migraine without aura. To diagnose this type of migraine it must follow the following criteria 1. Aura consisting of at least one of the following, but no muscle weakness or paralysis: fully reversible visual symptoms (flickering lights, spots, lines, or loss of vision) fully reversible sensory symptoms (pins and needles/numbness) fully reversible dysphasia (speech disturbance) 2.Aura has at least two of the following characteristics: visual symptoms affecting just one side of the field of vision and/or sensory symptoms affecting just one side of the body, at least one aura symptom develops gradually over more than 5 minutes and/or different aura symptoms occur one after another over more than 5 minutes, or each symptom lasts from 5-60 minutes. The signs and symptoms of a migraine vary among different people. Therefore, what is experienced before, during, and after a migraine cannot be exactly d efined. There are about 4 phases 1.The prodrome, which occurs hours or days before the headache, 2. The aura, which immediately precedes the headache, 3. The pain phase, also known as the headache phase, and 4. The postdrome. The pendrome phase: prodromal symptoms occur in 40-60% of all migraine sufferers. This phase may consist of altered mood, irritability, depression or euphoria, fatigue, yawning, excessive sleepiness, craving for certain foods (chocolate), stiff muscles (especially in the neck), constipation or diarrhea, increased urination, and other visceral symptoms.These symptoms occur usually between hours and days before the headache. Next is the pain phase. The typical migraine is unilateral, throbbing, and moderate to severe and can be aggravated by physical activity. Though the pain may be bilateral at the onset or start on one side and become generalized. These can last anywhere from 4-72 hours in adults and from about 1-48 hours in children. The frequency of these mig raines is extremely variable, from few in an entire life time to several times in a week. Te head pain also varies greatly in intensity.Then postdrome phase: the patient may feel tired; have head pain, feel â€Å"hung-over†, gastrointestinal symptoms, mood changes, and weakness. Some people feel unusually refreshed or euphoric after an attack. Where as others fell depressed. For some patients a 5-6 hour nap may reduce the pain, but slight headaches may still occur when standing or sitting quickly. Normally these symptoms will vanish after rest. Migraines are underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. The diagnosis of migraine without aura according to the International Headache Society, can be made according to the following criteria, the â€Å"5, 4, 3, 2, 1 criteria†. or more attacks, 4 hours to 3 days in duration, 2 or more of-unilateral location, pulsating quality, moderate to severe pain, aggravation by or avoidance of routine physical activity, 1 or more accompanying sympto ms (nausea and/or vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia). A migraine trigger is any factor that, on exposure or withdrawal, leads to the development of an acute migraine headache. Triggers fall into different categories such as behavioral, environmental, infectious, dietary, chemical, or hormonal.Migraine attacks may be triggered by: allergic reactions, bright lights, loud noises, and certain odors or perfumes, physical or emotional stress, changes in sleep patterns, smoking or exposure to smoke, skipping meals, alcohol, menstrual cycle fluctuations, birth control pills, hormone fluctuations during the menopause transition, tension headaches, foods containing tyramine (red wine, aged cheese, smoked fish, chicken livers, figs, and some beans), MSG or nitrates like bacon hot dogs or salami, and other foods such as chocolate, nuts, peanut butter, avocado, banana, citrus, onions, dairy products, and fermented or picked foods.Conventional treatment usually focuses on three areas: trigger av oidance, symptomatic control, and preventive drugs. Patients often find that the recommended migraine treatments are not 100% effective at preventing migraines, and sometimes may not be affective at all. Once all diagnostic information has been collected and reviewed, then the best course of action can be determined.Whether that may be drugs or simple rest; the treatment varies greatly for each patient so as of right now there is no exact treatment for migraine headaches. Thorough research is being done, and many of the experiments that are being tested are on new drugs to better treat these symptoms. Throughout my family history many of my family members have bean diagnosed with migraine headaches so I have quite an idea of what these â€Å"patients† are going through, seeing as I am one of them.These migraine headaches are extremely painful and can take you away from normal activities such as going outside because the bright light, watching TV because of the noise, or even just studying because of the nerves and other things inside your brain that can have an affect on the migraine. Many treatments have been prescribed to chronic migraine sufferers in my family, but everyone still has yet to find one that has worked efficiently. This is a problem that needs to be fixed. That is one of the main reasons that I plan to pursue my career in becoming a neurosurgeon.The fact that I am a migraine sufferer has an enormous impact on my choice of career and I am determined to go through with it. Too many people suffer everyday from migraine headaches and most people who do not suffer from these do not know the actual pain that is associated with one.Works cited Wikipedia. com – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Migraine Migraineheadaces. com- http://www. migraineheadache. com/wsym. html Emedicinehealth. com- http://www. emedicinehealth. com/migraine_headache/article_em. htm

Kindergarten Essay

Kindergartens were started in the early 19th century in the belief in children’s inherent goodness. The founder emphasized on the importance of stories, nature study, music and play in addition to symbols. He advocated for the use of occupations and gifts among young children. In America, they started in the late 19th century and were mostly found in private institutions. They took half day and were mostly free. The educational goal then was not to impart children with reading and writing skills but it aimed to educate the children as a whole. This goal involved a wide range of activities inclusive of cleaning the children, feeding and clothing them (Saracho & Spodek, 2002). Changes in the curriculum goals and objectives The curriculum goals and objectives of kindergarten have changed significantly over time. Initially, kindergarten was characterised by fun, art, playtime, music, recess, story time, circle time and naptime. However, the current goals of kindergarten are learning and children are always assigned work to do. It is concentrating on learning more than having fun. In today’s curriculum, children are expected to learn science, social studies, writing, reading, math and even a second language. A whole school day is focused on instruction and the child is helped to learn in preparation for first grade. Children are also required to learn faster and cover more contents. By the time the kids are going to first grade, they are expected to have started acquiring reading skills (Saracho & Spodek, 2002). Current academic escalation in Kindergarten as a necessary evolutionary change School stakeholders have mixed feelings regarding the current academic escalation in kindergarten. Some feel that the children have not developed fully to understand all the contents they are made to cover. On the other hand, some are opinionated that the current world has many demands and therefore it is important to impart the necessary skills in children early enough. However, I feel that children should be let to grow and learn skills when their cognitive development can allow them to. This means that the changes are not very necessary since they are more academic oriented rather than fun directed and children are not ready for this. Reference: Saracho, Olivia N. & Spodek, Bernard, (2002), Contemporary perspectives on early childhood curriculum, ISBN 1930608276, 9781930608276, IAP.

W4-Q Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

W4-Q - Essay Example On the other hand, Kaplan & Hurd (2002) argue that partnership allows sustainability in organizations by establishing a strong link between organizations with common objectives. It enables them to utilize the available opportunities through a supportive approach. For example, an organization may source partnership with another company that possesses particular skills that are essential in production but are lacking. The partnership between Tata motors and organizations such as Ariba Inc. is a partnership whereby Ariba offers the automobiles company with assistance in management related issues. This partnership has led to the expansion of the market for Tata automobiles hence improved competition and reduced bargaining power of suppliers that has made it possible for the company to attract more suppliers in a rationalized manner. On the other hand, Ariba maintains competence through these partnerships and is renowned for its diversity in management solutions, which enables it to maintain a substantial number of clients. Gadman & Cooper (2005) argue that the more an organization is capable of identifying useful partners, the greater the chances of expanding its opportunities due to the fact that each partnering organization has unique capabilities that can be useful when shared, making it possible for businesses to utilize their potential to the maximum. The efficiencies gained through partnerships are mainly as a result of the organization’s efforts that are aimed at accomplishing organizational objectives. In essence, every organization entering in to a partnership seeks to benefit from it. Otherwise, partnerships would not be meaningful for organizations if they have no positive impacts on its productivity. Gensemera & Kanagaretnam (2004) observe that for high commitment in partnership to be accomplished, each partner needs to understand the benefits that are likely

Feasibility Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feasibility Proposal - Essay Example In a study conducted by Display Search, it was revealed that tablets purchase worldwide will hit 416 million, 23 million more than regular laptop’s 393 millions by the year 2017. This trend is supported by the increasing demand of the tablets from the emerging markets around the world. In the study, many people revealed their preference to tablets to be based on its user-friendly nature, classiness and convenience. According to Richard Shim, an analyst and a member of the team who conducted the research, consumers continuously shift towards mobile computing against the traditional notebook, a trend that has picked up well in mature markets around the world. For example, tablet PCs are expected to grow by annual average of 28% in the next 5 years within the mature markets of United States, Japan, and West Europe. The challenge for HP is to ensure it manufacture tablets that are sleek and trendy, which will resonate with the increasingly trendy consumer. In a market where intern et business giants such as Google and Microsoft have taken by storm through their flagship tablets in the market, it is logical to note that any failure by the HP to embrace the tablet market will deal a big blow to its market share. The strategy is to ensure the company maintains or improve its 16% market share around the global consumption of PC usage. Problem statement While many tablet manufacturers have concentrated their tablet market share within the established or rather mature markets, HP has not involved itself in the manufacturing of tablets despite the growing trend in the tablet PC usage around the world. Companies such as Apple, Samsung, Microsoft, and Google have consolidated their market share in the tablet PC manufacturing, leaving HP still struggling with its notebook PCs. A point to note, however, is that many of these companies only focus their products towards mature markets. This trend leaves the gap in the emerging markets, which are expected to grow in equal measure in the projected years. HP can take a leap into the emerging markets, which seem to be catching up with the established markets in the tablet PC usage on a daily basis. However, this should not mean that HP needs to ignore the mature markets, which sets trends for the emerging markets. The company, however, can develop cheap but classy tablets to match the buying trends in emerging markets. A proper study, however, will be needed to ensure a pricing criteria, design and consumption trend is established. The goal of this study is to establish the consumption trend, both in the mature as well as emerging markets. Methodology The research will largely be an internet based, and phone calls. This study will involve web searches on what customers of competitors say on online forums, design online questionnaires, as well as feedback forms for HP notebook users. This strategy will ensure that information about the established and emerging markets are defined, the customers’ b ehaviours, and the future business prospects of both markets. This research will include acquiring of products information, analysis of the existing brands, profiling of the users psychology, and geographical information. Document Specification In about 3000 words report, the study is expected to give a comprehensive result of the strategies HP should use to enter the tablet PC market. The report is expected to outline the following key areas: 1. Project description: indentifying and exploring

Coca Cola Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coca Cola - Research Paper Example Dr. John Pemberton developed the Coca-Cola ® syrup on May 8, 1886 and this the foundation day for Coca-Cola Company. Since its inception, the cola drink became one of the most famous and largest selling non-alcoholic beverages. The rapid popularity of cola drink of Coca-Cola Company had led to expand its market in international boundaries and in every international market its performance has been applaudable. With the passage of the company kept introducing many innovative beverages other than cola drinks. In the process, the Coca-Cola Company was led by a number of efficient decision makers like Roberto Goizueta and Warren E. Buffett who have contributed towards the value growth of the company. This paper mainly deals with case of Coca-Cola Company when it was led by the veteran Mary E. Minnick, the â€Å"Executive Vice President and President of Marketing, Strategy and Innovation† (Forbes, 2011). Based on the given case study, multiple aspects like innovations and product development strategy and in this process the role of Mary E. Minnick will be discussed. Question 1 Describe and evaluate Coke’s marketing and innovation strategy transformation designed to position the company on the cutting edge of consumer trends. During 1980s and '90s, the Coca-Cola Company was the global leader of non-alcoholic beverage company and had portrayed itself as one the best blue chips companies. This was the phase when the company was led by the team of Roberto Goizueta and Warren E. Buffett. However, after this immediate period of glory, it faced a threat from the key rival PepsiCo Inc. PepsiCo was founded in 195 by Donald M. Kendall with the similar concept of cola drink (PepsiCo, 2011). Within the next ten years of its inception, it gained significant amount of market share and as an effect, Coca-Cola Company lost higher percentage of market value. In such situation, it became very necessary to position the company on the cutting edge of consumer trends by i mplementing an effective set of marketing and innovation strategies. By the time Mary E. Minnick joined Coca-Cola, the competition took place on a global level and for success in global markets, and understanding of culture was one of the key factors for developing globalized marketing and innovative strategies. Minnick realized that the innovations like merely by repackaging and slightly changing the flavors would not be helpful. In the process of innovative marketing strategy, multiple innovative product developments were the key factor for the company. The innovation strategies were basically meant to counter against the products the two key non-carb rivals Snapple and Gatorade. Moreover, during 1990s, Coca-Cola focused to generate revenues by introducing innovative products other than cola drinks. Besides, the marketing strategy also involved of cultural aspects of each region. It offered different products for different markets and also the promotional and campaigning activitie s were also very specific as per the culture of markets. Question 2 Critically evaluate Coke’s product strategy of developing healthy beverages. During 1990s, the product strategy of Coca-Cola was the major activities to cope with intensifying competition. Product development strategy during the time of Minnick took a new attempt as there were significant product development took place in the existing production as well as in new products. During this period, more than 1000 new beverages were introduced and the main theme behind these new products was the ‘health’; for example, diet drinks like Coca-Cola Zero, coffee-flavored cola etc were launched for male market segment. However, such products were not capable of offer major benefits to the company for longer period of time. Perhaps, the true

Apple vs. Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Apple vs. Samsung - Essay Example Apple and Samsung are world leaders in smartphones and tablets, the two fastest growing consumer electronics market across the globe. For this reason, the success of Apple’s law suit could potentially have global ramifications even though the ruling only applies to the American market. A possible scenario that could play out is for Apple to pursue other competitors in the US – with many analysts seeing the Android Operating System as the main target. However, given that we do not see Apple’s lawsuit succeeding in other jurisdictions, this would segment the global consumer electronics industry into the US and the rest of the world. This would isolate the US consumer electronics industry from global competition. This could be beneficial for the Apple in the short-run but in the long-run the lack of competition could eventually make the US consumer electronics industry to go the way of the US auto-industry. There are three questions that I see arising from this article. First, interaction design is a fundamental component of consumer electronics. Is it ethical to grant proprietary rights to fundamental components that advance the growth of the industry? Secondly, when looking at such patent-infringement battles is the effect on consumers weighed in or only the interests of corporations are taken into account? What is the greater good? Banks, T. (2012, August 28). Apple vs. Samsung - what does it mean for design? Design Week. Retrieved September 11, 2012, from

Lifeline Community Fellowship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lifeline Community Fellowship - Assignment Example The church leadership comprises of one senior pastor and three associate pastors †¢ The church ministry is classified into six categories namely: children ministry, youth ministry, young adult ministry, men group, women group, and married couples. †¢ The church has partnered with a number of organizations to spread the gospel as well as provide humanitarian assistance to the needy. Some of these organizations include Outreach to the world, Angels Forgotten, and Global Health Partnership. †¢ Most of the church staffs are volunteers who serve as guest ushers, instrumentalists and cleaners. Other staff members in the church payroll include ministry leaders, security personnel, and accountants. †¢ The church primary source of funds is from members’ contributions, tithes, and donations. Most of these funds are used to support the church internal operations such payment of the staff. †¢ The church also finance their missionaries sent to spread the gospel in other parts of the world such as Haiti, Philippines, Mexico, India, Nicaragua, and El Salvador (Lifeline Community Fellowship). †¢ Lifeline Community Fellowship assets include cars, property, and other assets held by the church’s humanitarian foundations.

Creativity and Critical Thinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creativity and Critical Thinking - Research Paper Example When British rulers enacted the Rowlett Act, he opposed the law tooth and nail through fasting and Satyagraha (enforcement of truth) – a totally new way of protest against mighty rulers indeed! After imprisonment, the government was forced to free him from the prison due to people’s pressure. In 1930, he marched over 200 miles with his supporters; tens of thousands of people kept on joining him for the seashore town ‘Dandi’ where he produced salt breaking unjust Salt laws enacted by the British government. The movement came to be known as a largest civil disobedience movement during the time that shook the pillars of British rule in India. Gandhi led the independence movement through nonviolent means until British rulers left India in 1947. Gandhi’s experiments with truth and nonviolence are unique and speak about his creativity and critical thinking on the path that may appear arduous and impossible at the first instance but still the fact remains that later his philosophy was increasingly adopted and followed by many prominent leaders such as Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela successfully for righteous cause of the

Families of color creating harmony and optical illusions Essay Example for Free

Families of color creating harmony and optical illusions Essay Modern television production, music videos and movies rely on influential power of colors to capture and hold an audience. Glowing spell bounding colors perceived by bright sunlight originated with advanced study of basic art concepts. In the 1600s, Newton invented the famous color wheel, providing the standard guideline for combining colors creating a multicolored pleasant visual appeal, beginning with three basic colors. The color wheel breaks color down by category, forming families of color. As long as the colors on the color wheel form grey shades when mixed together, they are considered to belong to the same family. This is what is meant by family of colors. The categories of colors are identified as primary, secondary or tertiary, complementary, split complementary, analogue, and triad. Primary colors on the color wheel consists of only three colors; red, blue and yellow. From these three basic colors, all other color combinations are created. Secondary colors are mixed primary colors. For example, mixing two primary colors, red and blue, makes secondary purple. Hue is defined the way color is seen or two colored visual effects. Hues are two toned colors, red-green and blue-yellow are most commonly used. Complimentary colors are directly opposite of each other on the color wheel. Analogue colors are a combination of any three colors as long as they are next to each other on the color wheel. Triad colors are equally distant colors. Once the artists understands thoroughly how to coordinate colors using the color wheel, then optical illusions and harmony can be formed. Color harmony is a combination of colors complimenting each other to create a pleasant visual image, or a complete picture. To understand how the color wheel may be used to create harmony, the wheel breaks the harmony down ever further than the basic colors in a chart called a histogram. â€Å"Harmonic colors hold a specific relationship by their position within a color space. † (King, 2002). Monochromatic (a small slice of the color wheel of adjacent hues), Complementary (two-color scheme on opposite sides), Split complementary, split, and four-tone chord. (King 2002) Hue histogram is a diagram showing which colors belong to the same family, and which colors contrasts. After the color specialists decide on a specific, chosen colors are mixed determining what degrees the cells are tinted. Colored cells shades and colors are called pixel value. This is most time consuming, part of the image making process, but also the most significant process contributing to the visual appeal. Making the process easier and more thorough is the hue histogram. Hue histogram uses alphabetical angels; i I V l T Y X N. http://www. websiteoptimization. com/speed/tweak/color-harmony/ This histogram is used to create harmony and create optical illusion image. Color harmony is used to create a picture, optical illusions uses color to make the picture appear as a moving image. In Victor Vasarely, optical illusion image the Orion C, he used shapes and contours with color. The colors may have belonged to the same family of colors, but many of these were not hues, or laying next to each other. In the center, he used light blue next to light pink. He used wide range of colors far apart on the histogram but all belonging to the same family of colors. Normally, black and white are not considered colors, only shades. He used plenty white to give the illusions of squares moving into each other. In the Orion C, the viewer can look at one square, and before they know it, they find themselves looking at another square. http://www. artinthepicture. com/artists/Victor_Vasarely/ In Bearden J Moods, Music and Life image, the artist used color harmony. The ranges selected from the color wheel where colors very close together or next to each other, called hues. Of course not all of the colors used where hues, but they did not range more than 3 shades apart. Colors were selected to distinguish the difference of the objects. http://www. nga. gov/education/classroom/bearden/musli1. shtm Hue histograms are used by color technicians providing lifelike and mood enhancing images, videos and movies. When using the hue histogram, it is important to realize the alphabetical angles can move. The V on the color gram can move to cover different shades, but the size of the angel cannot be widened to include more colors. If the artists is to create harmony, they must follow the rules. Sometimes contrasting images are desired instead of harmony. For the image to have a pleasant visual appeal, color rules still apply. Contrast would use the T-shape. Even in complex images, everything starts with three basic colors, using the wheel. In the 1600s, Newton invented the famous color wheel, providing the standard guideline for combining colors creating a multicolored pleasant visual appeal, beginning with three basic colors. References The art of Romare Bearden, A resource for teachers; http://www. nga. gov/education/classroom/bearden/musli1. shtm Art in the picture; Victor_Vasraely; http://www. artinthepicture. com/artists/Victor_Vasarely/ King, 2002, Automated Color Harmony Tools, http://www. websiteoptimization. com/speed/tweak/color-harmony/

Wheel of Change Sustainability Tool Essay Example for Free

Wheel of Change Sustainability Tool Essay Bob Doppelts Wheel of Change is a great tool for companies that seriously want to change their operations towards sustainability. According to Bob Doppelt, organizations can have the best intentions for improving and moving in a more sustainable direction, yet they fall prey to sustainability blunders. These blunders are: 1- Patriarchal thinking that leads to a false sense of security. This is the most serious of blunders. Employees who are not empowered and only take directives from superiors will lack in personal responsibility to drive change. 2- Silo approach to environmental and socio-economic Issues. Organizations where functions work independent of each other, like islands, have difficulty grasping a 360 view of the companies procedures and opportunity areas. This silo ed approach is an impediment to change. 3- No clear vision on sustainability. Without a clear vision change is not possible. 4- Confusion over cause and effect. When an organization focuses on the symptoms of a problem rather than the root cause of the problem, then the impact on sustainability will not be optimal. 5- Lack of information. Today, more than ever, transparency and the sharing of data are critical aspects in driving employee engagement, customer loyalty and stakeholder support. Transparency is key in driving change. 6- Insufficient mechanism for learning. Organizations that lack an openness to innovation and who do not promote a safe environment for testing and learning will find it very difficult to change their ways. 7- Failure to institutionalize sustainability. For change to happen within and organization, sustainability has to be baked into all aspects of a business. What the wheel of change provides a framework that helps organizations overcome the seven sustainability blunders. The wheel counteracts each blunder with a sort of antidote that, if followed accordingly, guarantees successful implementation for sustainable change. The seven interventions are: Intervention One – Change the dominant mindset through the imperative of achieving sustainability. Organizations need to disrupt the controlling mental models in place. Status Quo needs to be shattered. How can you bring it to life? Relentless and compelling messages from senior executives that make the case for sustainability. Intervention Two – Rearrange the parts by organizing transition teams. Cross functional team involvement and representation from all levels is required. Each team should be as diverse as possible to minimize the risk for status quo perpetuation. Teams will develop new goals and strategies as well as implement plans. Best Practice Example: The Herman Miller company maintains an Environmental Quality Action Team, composed of nine sustainability driven subcommittees. Intervention Three – Change goals by crafting an ideal vision and guiding sustainability principles. Leading organizations use end planning to craft the vision of the new sustainable enterprise. A compelling vision will be felt by the heart and understood by the mind. Best Practice Example: Scandic Hotels adopted a vision towards â€Å"resource caring†. A simple yet compelling way of communicating its objective for waste reduction. Intervention Four – Restructure the rules of engagement by adopting new strategies. Alter the rules that determine how work gets done. Align the rules to the vision. How to bring this to life: Change internal procedures, strategies, tactics and implementation processes in alignment with the new vision. Intervention 5 – Shift information flow by tirelessly Communicating the need, the vision and the strategies. Communication must be consistent, persistent, engaging and transparent. Best Practice Example: At Interface environmental issues are discussed at every staff meeting, every retreat and through internal communication. At one point in time, Ray Anderson said: â€Å"Sustainability has become the language of the company†. Intervention 6 – Correct feedback loops by encouraging and rewarding learning and innovation. Leading organizations have systems set up that allow for accurate feedback to flow as it relates to progress and setbacks. These organizations also reward those willing to take risks, experiment and learn. Best Practice Example: Henkel incorporated the â€Å"Henkel Innovation Awards† awarded to employees who develop sustainable products. Intervention 7 – Adjust the parameters by aligning systems and structures with sustainability. Change towards sustainability is an iterative process. To some extent, Change   Sustainability. In conclusion, The Wheel of Change demonstrates how the seven interventions interact with one another to form continuous transformation and improvements in line with a sustainability imperative.

Design of a Low Voltage CMOS Transconductance Amplifier

Design of a Low Voltage CMOS Transconductance Amplifier This project aims to illustrate the design and simulation of a Low Voltage Complementary Metal Oxide Semi Conductor (CMOS) Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) with an improved power consumption, Direct Current (DC) gain and bandwidth. Two techniques were introduced for linearization: Pseudo Differential Pairs and Source degeneration under nano-scale technology. The nonlinearity, which is caused by the short length effect due to the small size of transistor can be reduced using linearization techniques, Two techniques were introduced for linearization: Pseudo Differential Pairs and Source degeneration, were both go under nano-scale CMOS technology. The proposed OTA requires a proper control system, where the common-mode control system has been designed for system stability . The results of this implementation are: power consumption of (x), DC gain of (x) , a size of (x)  µ, number of transistors (x) . All the work was simulated using the Advances Design System ( ADS ) , under 130nm CMOS Technology. 1.1 Motivation The huge pace in technology and the growing demand of electronic devices makes the Integrated Circuit ( IC ) designers think twice about low power and low voltage with the trade of the Threshold Voltage ( VT ) which doesnt scale down when compared to the power supply. Throughout the years, designing analog integrated circuits has been challenging, where the power supply is being reduced due to the demand of technology which requires to scale down the total power. The Operational Transconductance Amplià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ er (OTA) is recognized to be one of the most important basic building blocks in analog ,mixed mode circuits, filters, including multipliers, voltage control oscillators, and Very Large Scale Integrations ( VLSI ) applications, where the VLSI technology is the process of creating ICs by combining several transistors into a single chip. In such applications the OTA is the key circuit to such design, OTA at the input of the block determines the efficiency of the overall system, hence improving the performance of the OTA block is critical for enhancing the overall module performance. Operational Transconductance Amplifier An OTA main purpose is to convert its input voltage to the desired output current; i.e. in other words an OTA is a voltage controlled current source, where Gm is the Transconductance with a unit (Ampere/Volt). In real life circuits, harmonics are introduced, and nonlinearity should be taken into consideration which caused by the short channel effect of the transistors, the expression of the output current with Taylor series expansion can be as follow : where ai is determined by the implementation of the circuit. In order to achieve a proper OTA with the specifications mentioned, linear transformation factor should be implemented in the design to reduce harmonics, linearization methods have been developed through the years to solve the problem. 1.2 Objectives The main goal is to design a low voltage Transconductance CMOS amplifier which converts its input voltage to the desired output current with high linearity, which can be achieved by linearization techniques, Pseudo Differential Pair and Source degeneration techniques. 1.3 Realistic Constraints The listed below are the main constraints that should be taken into consideration for the design : 1.3.1. Economic Constraints: The student shall use the available simulation tools such as : Advanced Design System for simulation design, and Synopsys for layout . As for the design, the main goal is to reduce harmonic distortion, achieve high linearity, and to be able to transform the input voltage to the required output current with minimum size. Since the size of the transistors determine the size of IC , and the size contributes in the cost of the IC. The designed IC is being manufactured in fabrication laboratories. During the fabrication process, thousands of ICs are being etched onto a single blank wafer. After the testing process ,only percentages of the ICs are considered useable, and being distributed among electronic stores. 1.3.2. Manufacturability and Sustainability Constraints: The designed circuit shall be worked across process and temperature corners for improved yield. 1.3.3. Ethical and Safety Constraints: Documentation should not have more than 30% similarity on Turnitin. 1.3.4. Standardization All technologies used in this project are 130 nm CMOS technology. 1.4 Design Requirements The design shall meet the following requirements: The design uses CMOS based technology. The total power consumption will be less than 15mW. The supply voltage will be less than 1 volt. Bandwidth should be larger than 50MHz DC gain should be larger than 20dB 1.5 Design Achieved The goal of this project was achieved by designing a low voltage CMOS transconductance amplifier using linearization techniques with high linearity, low power consumption of (x), DC gain of (x) , a cost of (x). 1.6 Task Distribution Work was done as a team; but some work was distributed to ensure every member has their own task. This is shown in the table below: Stage Details Marwa Marah Rateb All Research Reading papers Setting goals Design of Pseudo Differential Pair Design Build Design of Source Degeneration Design Build Design the Common Mode Design Build Connecting The circuitry ( suggested OTA ) Design Build Layout Design Build Documentation Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4 Ch.5 Table 1.1: division of labor 1.7 Organization The rest of the documentation illustrates the design characteristics where it goes as follows; Second chapter discusses the background and literature review of different approaches related to the same design. Third chapter discloses in detail the overall design, including the explanation of each linearization techniques, as well as justifying the region of each transistor. Forth chapter demonstrates the results of the design. To end with, chapter Five conclude the design, along with the future work which can be implemented to improve the design. 2.1 Transconductance Amplifier Topologies This project aims to design an Amplifier which able to convert its input voltage to the desired output current, with Pseudo Differential Pair and Source Degeneration as linearization techniques Varies architectures had been developed through the past years to build the basic OTA block Table 2.1 :comparison between three different papers Design Design Requirements Referring to chapter 1, the design shall meet the following requirements: The design uses CMOS based technology. The total power consumption will be less than 15mW. The supply voltage will be less than 1 volt. Bandwidth should be larger than 50MHz DC gain should be larger than 20dB Analysis of Requirements and Constraints In order to attain the design specifications mentioned in section 3.1, the requirements and constraints are clarified below Analysis of Design Requirements CMOS based technology CMOS circuits components are becoming the most desired to be implemented in nowadays technology, due to its low power consumption. Furthermore, its high speed when compared to other used technology. Power Consumption Supply Voltage Bandwidth DC gain Analysis of Design Constraints Economic Constraints Manufacturability and Sustainability Constraints The design should meet the proper operating temperature and environmental corners. The circuit topologies have been implemented using an advanced simulation that can foresee the behavior of the circuit under such circumstances. For instance, a high power circuitry will increase its temperature, thus the degradation of the performance in time, but if the circuit surpass in supreme corner, it is expected to have a longer life time. Ethical and Safety Constraints Documentation shouldnt exceed 30% similarity, citation should be considered along with stating proper referencing Design Approaches According to the cited papers in chapter 2 there are four different architectures for the converter design. All of these architectures cant be used to achieve the requirements of this project. The developed design discussed in the next section has the opportunity to achieve the requirements

Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- essays research papers fc

The practice of female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision, occurs throughout the world, but it is most common in Africa. Female genital mutilation is a tradition and social custom to keep a young girl pure and a married woman faithful. In Africa it is practiced in the majority of the continent including Kenya, Nigeria, Mali, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Mozambique and Sudan. It is a cross-cultural and cross-religious ritual, which is performed by Muslims, Coptic Christians, Protestants, Catholics and members of various indigenous groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female genital mutilation is usually performed on girls before they reach puberty. It is a procedure where either part or the entire clitoris is surgically removed leaving a reduced or total lack of sexual feeling. This procedure is an attempt to reduce the sex drive of women, making them less likely to be sexually active before marriage or engage in extra-marital affairs. Although this procedure can be seen as a means to control a woman’s sexuality, the act of female circumcision determines the gender identity of women. A circumcised woman is a virgin, ready for marriage and to bear children for her husband, â€Å"Girls who are infibulated will probably not find husbands. In most cases they will become outcasts.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female genital mutilation is not a new practice. In fact circumcised females have been discovered among the mummies of ancient Egyptians. A Greek papyrus dated 163 BC refers to operations performed on girls at the age they received their dowries. A Greek geographer reported the custom of circumcision of girls he found while visiting Egypt in 25 BC. In Africa female circumcision has been reported in at least twenty-six countries and can be viewed as a public health problem â€Å"because of its wide geographic distribution, the number of females involved and the serious complications caused by the operation.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female genital mutilation is practiced in three major forms: â€Å"Sunna† circumcision, Clitoridectomy, and Infibulation. Sunna circumcision consists of the removal of the tip of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (covering). Clitoridectomy, also referred to as excision, consists of the removal of the entire clitoris (both prepuce and glans) and removal of the adjacent labia. Infibulation, also referred to as phara... ...s, and aunts footsteps, which would bring shame against herself and tarnish her family honor. Female genital mutilation is such a brutal and barbaric practice that it is amazing it is still occurs today. The health hazards associated with it should be enough to have it terminated. However, the reasons women have forgoing through with the operation is the custom of female genital mutilation is so engrained in their sociocultural system. The importance of family honor, virginity, chastity, purity, marriageability, and childbearing in these societies cannot be overstressed. Therefore in the minds of the people who adhere to this belief, the benefits gained from this operation for the girl and her family far outweigh any potential danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Female Genital Mutilation. See: http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm Female Genital Mutilation Research Homepage. See: http://www.hollyfield.org/fgm/ Kouba, Leonard and Judith Muasher 1985 Female Circumcision in Africa: an Overview. African Studies Review 28:95-110. Van Der Kwaak, Anke 1992 Female Circumcision and Gender Identity: A Questionable Alliance? Social Science and Medicine 35(6):777-787.

The West in Film Essay -- Movies Native Americans Papers

The depiction of minorities, specifically women and Native Americans, in Western film has changed drastically from the early 1930's to the late 1980's. These changes represent the changing views of American society in general throughout the 20th century. In the early part of the century, women and Native Americans were depicted as a burden. Women were viewed as a form of property, helpless and needing support. These minorities were obstacles in the quest for manifest destiny by the United States. Western films during the early 20th century represent the ignorance of American culture towards minorities. As time progressed, society began to develop compassion for Native Americans and men began to see women as equals. The movie industry perpetuated the views of society throughout the last century. When Native Americans were seen as an "obstacle" in westward expansion, film directors supported these views on screen. As society began to question the treatment of Native Americans and women, the film scripts responded to these changes. By looking at western films over the last 60 years, the correlation between societal attitudes and film plots has changed the views of Native Americans and women. The two have worked together to bring the portrayal of Native Americans from savage beasts to victims, and women from property to equals. In the 1930's Native Americans and women were viewed as inferior races. The films produced during the early part of the 20th century, particularly those starring John Wayne reflected these societal attitudes. The portrayal of minorities in Stagecoach and Fort Apache clearly reflect the views of society at that time. The depiction of the West is similar to that which is found in old history textbooks, em... ...th the first westward expansion and the oppression of women lasted until the 1950's. However, it took American film produces until the 1990's to create roles for these minorities that were equal to those of white males. The depiction of minorities in western films, particularly women and Native Americans, has made significant progress from the 1930's and this progress has trickled into the teaching of history, particularly western expansion. Textbooks that used to emphasis the triumph and dominance of the United States over Native Americans, are now explaining expansion with less pride and more guilt. Women who played significant roles in society used to be ignored by history books, and are now included in almost every chapter. The progressive movements made by the film industry and society are allowing for Americans to look at the west in a new, enlightened manner.

IT Business Outsourcing Essay

Outsourcing basically means a process of constricting to another party. It is done at the outsourcing client’s location under their supervision. There are many essential factors which are needed to decide whether to outsource the information process or not. First major factor is the activity or the process itself. Main concern should be the process, whether it’s really needed to be outsourced (Loh et. al, 1992). If it is core job to that organization, then its better not to outsource it. If the task really requires highly efficient skills which is not available in your organization, then it’s better to outsource it. Second most important factor is the financial strategy. While deciding whether to outsource, main goal of company is to save money. It’s essential to verify, what will be the total cost in both the cases, if the task to be performed within the organization or outside. Hence, the main factors for deciding why to outsource are outsourcers cost, their capabilities and the potential end product which ultimately will reduce the risk and increase organization profit. Influence of Risk Assessment on the decision making process when seeking to outsource information processes Risk is always associated with the process of outsourcing. Many organizations who went for outsourcing, failed and few of the reasons are like cultural misalignment, end product not as per the quality and deadlines or delivery times missed. There are mainly two types of risk associated with the process of outsourcing: external risk and internal risk. Read more:Â  Essay on Business Process Outsourcing External risks are those risks which occur outside the organization and upon which organization do not have any control. these risks includes a search of outsourcer who will offer the required skills in a cost effective manner, an exchange rate fluctuation that can impact the cost savings, lack of ability to guard organization intellectual protection property and physical location of outsourcer which includes economic and political risk as well (Aubert, 1998). Internal risks are those risks which occur inside the organization while outsourcing. Language is the most targeted risk if outsourcing happen between two different countries where English is not the primary language and the ability of communicating to outsourcers in a remote location where technology is not so updated. Influence of change management requirements on the decision making process when seeking to outsource information processes One of the key factors for a successful outsourcing is the organizations effective change management policy. Organizations who failed to manage the changes effectively suffer a lot. Within an organization, the most important change management program is to create such a reliable communication strategy, so that the employees don’t feel scared about the job security. There should be proper redeployment and retention plans for all employees to make them feel secure. Proper training should be provided to make them understand how to deal with outsourcers. Few change management factors during this process are good leadership quality, crystal clear procedures, strategy safeguarding stakeholder’s interests, communication strategy and a change-over course of action for every step (Wullenweber et al, 2008). Inclusion of different entities by business when making decisions on the processes to outsource and the third party entity to outsource to Businesses include entities when time comes to decide whether to go for outsourcing or not. When an organization needs a process to be outsourced, decision of top level (CEO or a Director) is essential. Without their confirmation, company can’t think of moving ahead. After the confirmation, now its middle management turns to check whether all the important factors are going in favor of outsourcing or not. Here come different entities like finance, Hr, marketing, quality and third party. Finance department will check outsourcing in terms of cost saving, while HR will check if the company really needs outsourcing staff or it has its own (DiRomualdo et. al. , 1998). Marketing people will do a survey to acquire a list of best outsourcing companies and quality will judge whether the decision is anywhere hampering the quality and how to improve it in future. Third party will also play a vital role as their location, cost of doing outsourcing and few other factors will also effect the decision (W. McFarlan et. al, 1995).

Problem & Solution in Time Management Essay

Time management is a way in which a person can set a diurnal schedule and keep their events and dates in order, and accomplished in a timely fashion.   The daily schedule of any person who has multiple responsibilities is very tight. Choices of scheduling can be dominated by scholastics, family, personal time, and career responsibilities.   With a limited number of hours in each week, a person must make due how one can as Tracy states, Perhaps the greatest single problem that people have today is â€Å"time poverty.† Working people have too much to do and too little time for their personal lives. Most people feel overwhelmed with responsibilities and activities, and the harder they work, the further behind they feel. This sense of being on a never-ending treadmill can cause you to fall into the reactive/responsive mode of living. Instead of clearly deciding what you want to do, you continually react to what is happening around you. Pretty soon you lose all sense of control. You feel that your life is running you, rather than you running your life (Tracy paragraph one). Without premeditation and a set schedule that should be adhered to every day procrastination can be the daunting factor in a time frame reference.   Once the framework of a schedule is procured it must be adhered to not only every day but also every week.   Thus a personal daily schedule can be obtained and followed, and a diurnal routine can be established.   Time enough for everyday tasks must be included in such a routine. A personal schedule must be similar each day so that a routine can become habit.   Such a routine should consist of personal hygiene in the morning and before going to bed, regular meals and the entire days obligations which can include exercise, school, work or family events, not to forget personal time, and time for reflection (Time Management Guide paragraph five). Managing time can also be difficult when the weekend is considered a different avenue for scheduling than are the weekdays.   It is during this time that leisure and relaxation are in order unless a previous commitment to a job is required.   Time management on the weekends is very important because it allows for a person to unwind from physical and emotional stresses of the week. Daily routines, that is, time management, should maximize a person’s ability to achieve daily success out of necessity.   The efficacy of a daily schedule and adhering to that schedule can limit unwarranted breaks and wasted time such as back and forth trips to town when one trip is all that should be needed.   Also, on the note of procrastination, a daily schedule allows a person to more effectively control where they place their time and gives certain allotted amounts of time to specific tasks such as cooking, tv watching, or internet use.   The obligations of life in general can sometimes become daunting, but with problem time management, the day’s priorities are accomplished and the next day’s priorities are sure to follow suit (Pavlina paragraph two). Due to procrastination being such a difficult thing to overcome, managing time wisely doesn’t only allow for work to be accomplished but also sets aside time for rumination, family, and this in turn lowers a person’s stress rate because they won’t feel as though they are spreading their selves thin and can rest at the end of the day because that day’s tasks were accomplished. People would rather spend their time away from work or academics leisurely and time management allows them to do this, as Torres (2005) states in In Good Time, â€Å"To get any system to succeed, you’ll have to make an effort–whether it’s organizing your incoming e-mails and voice mails or clearing out your inbox into to-do files. All that takes undivided attention, notes Clark. He suggests using a bulk of time in the beginning of your day (say from 9:15 a.m. to 10:00 a.m.) to organize and plan your schedule. Let everyone in your office know you’re unavailable during that time. â€Å"After a while, when [people] see you’re really efficient, they’ll start respecting that [unavailable time window].†Ã¢â‚¬  (Torres) Everyone probably would like to spend less time at work; especially jobs which require overtime and work at home projects.   Although in such jobs a person is rewarded monetarily, they are also compromising their personal time.   Unrealistic job goals such as working eighty hours in one week don’t bode well for personal venues and family time.   Thus a set scheduled time allowable for after hours work would greatly benefit a person.    The goal in managing time is not only to permit for work but also to know when too much work is being done, as Torres states, â€Å"Divide your list into action items by order of importance and the time it’ll take to complete each task, says Clark. If you look at something in your e-mail inbox, ask yourself, â€Å"Can I complete this task in two minutes?† If so, do it, because it will take you longer than two minutes to file it. If not, take that time to file it and put it on your calendar.† (Torres) Managing time wisely can lead to a more fulfilling lifestyle; such aspects of this lifestyle include more time to devout to ones health such as working out, and nutritional watch.   The ability to attend a gym regularly is very much dependent on managing time.   Certain set dates must be put into practice and these in turn must be considered in respect to other pressing obligations, as Tracy states, Personal time management begins with you. It begins with your thinking through what is really important to you in life. And it only makes sense if you organize it around specific things that you want to accomplish. You need to set goals in three major areas of your life. First, you need family and personal goals. These are the reasons why you get up in the morning, why you work hard and upgrade your skills, why you worry about money and sometimes feel frustrated by the demands on your time. (Tracy paragraph six). A strong factor in time management is the ability of a person to dedicate a half hour to one hour segments to working out, and this can only be done through proper time management as Kallen (1999) states in Just Say Now,   â€Å"This kind of procrastination is no big deal if it happens only once in a while – but if it becomes a regular occurrence, it can seriously interfere with your workout goals. How do you keep an occasional bout of laziness from gradually pulling you toward the outskirts of couch-potato-land? We asked procrastination experts for some timely advice on the matter. Put the strategies they describe to work, and do it now† (Kallan)   Kallen also states that , â€Å"Chronic procrastinators tend to have high levels of anxiety, and Worrying about YOur workouts will just add to the pressure.   When you dwell on the sessions you’ve missed, exercise can start to seem like an odious chore. Instead, concentrate on enjoying your next Workout more than the last. Think about the â€Å"high† you’ll get when endorphins flood Your body, or anticipate the feeling of accomplishment you’ll have when you’ve gotten one step closer to your goal.† (Kallen). The article Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow is actually a synopsis of the book â€Å"Is About Time: The 6 Styles of Procrastination and How to Overcome Them† by Linda Sapadin, PhD.   The first style is dreamers.   These are people who live a dream world and want a pain-free life with no rules.   Their solution is to ground themselves in the present.   Worriers are procrastinators who fear risk or change.   They should focus on the possibilities of each new situation to overcome procrastination.   Defiers resent authority, albeit covertly.   They do not follow through with their promises, which gives them a sense of power.  Ã‚   The solution for them is to realize that true power lies in action (Sapadin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those procrastinators who create drama by waiting until the last minute are labeled crisis-makers.   They must increase their motivation thereby decreasing the emotional damage caused by waiting until the last minute in order to change.   Perfectionist are those who fear not measuring up, thus procrastinating is a way for them to put off judgment.   They should focus on the realistic and allow themselves to err occasionally and realize that life goes on.   Overdoers are procrastinators who try to do it all without any balance in their lives.   They need to learn to say no.   In summary, the article states to stop trying to do everything, but to do what you can. The article Putting An End to Putting it Off identifies underlying issues in procrastinating and gives steps in dealing with each one. The first source of procrastination is that of fear.   Becoming aware of this fear can help the procrastinator to dissolve it. Counteract the fear with remembrances of past successes.  Ã‚   Turn a weakness into a strength.   Another source is perfectionism. They fear they won’t measure up to their own standards. Perfectionists need to examine their values and recognize whose they are; their own or someone else’s, and to reset their goals accordingly.   Crisis making, yet another source, envelope those who thrive on deadlines and feel they can’t get motivated until the last minute.   They need to bring balance to their lives and increase their productivity and quality of work.   Another source of procrastination is expectation anxiety.  Ã‚     This person needs to accept themselves.   Overextending.   Those who overextend need to recognize what is most important and set goals.   They should under-promise and over-deliver.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are steps one can take in overcoming procrastination once the source is recognized.   They should schedule tasks by prioritizing a list.   Do a task daily and then reward themselves.   Taking action is another step (Chapman paragraph one).   This can be accomplished by visualizing they are not a procrastinator.   They should do an unwanted task for a least ten minutes and then decide to continue or not.   Procrastinators do well to be held accountable to a friend when lagging on a project.   Journaling is also a useful tool.   Here one can stroke their own ego for accomplishments, record mistakes to learn from, and write one’s frustrations. The article Beating the Big Put-Off begins by defining procrastination as the epidemic that can even cause an early death because people put off seeing their doctor.   The author continues by offering strategies to combat procrastination.   First, a person must understand what is wrong with procrastination (i.e. it stunts professional and personal growth).   The author then goes on to say that a person should stop procrastinating immediately.   Don’t allow any excuses.   He quotes a Middle Eastern proverb â€Å"Do today what you want to postpone till tomorrow†.   (Parachin)   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Realistic goal setting will bring more success than setting your sights too high.   One should also expect difficulties along the way as change is a challenge.  Ã‚   One must keep moving ahead.   Procrastinators need to prioritize responsibilities and objectives (Bates paragraph two).   Sharing their commitment to overcoming procrastination with a friend who will be supportive is a great aid. One should visualize their goals as completed. For this, the author gives a three-point plan: â€Å" visualize the steps needed to complete the task, see yourself carrying out those steps, and picture yourself with the end product in hand† (Parachin).   Rewarding themselves will help the procrastinator to continue.   The author concludes by stating that it is never too late to break the procrastination habit and a person will by happier by doing this.   Once procrastination is broken, and the once procrastinator follows these time management rules from dedicating segments to time to self, family, work, etc. then procrastination and not having time become problems in the past tense. Work Cited Bates, R.   Take Control of Your Day!.   Jewelers Circular Keystone.   September 2006.  Ã‚   Online.   Retrieved 23 November 2007.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3195/is_200609/ai_n18946809 Chapman, A.   Time Management Tips.   Business Balls.   2007. Online.   Retrieved 23  Ã‚  Ã‚   November 2007.   http://www.businessballs.com/time.htm Dominguez, L. R.   Putting an End to Putting Off.   HR Magazine.   1999. Heavey, B.   Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow.   Men’s Health.   1997. Kallen, B.   Just Say Now. 1999.   Online.   Retrieved 23 November 2007.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parachin, V.   Beating the Big Put-Off.   Listen: Hagerstown.   1998. Pavlina, S.   Time Management.   Steve Pavlina.   2006.   Online.   Retrieved 23 November  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2007.   http://www.stevepavlina.com/articles/time-management.htm. Time Management Guide.   Personal Time Management Guide.   Online.   Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   23 November 2007. http://www.time-management-guide.com/. Torres, N. L.   In Good Time: make the most of your precious minutes with a time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   management system that works.   2005.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tracy, B.   Managing Your Time.   Money, Finance and Business.   2007.   Online. Retrieved 23 November 2007.   http://www.woopidoo.com/articles/tracy1time.htm

Disadvantages of Wearing a Bra

Title: Disadvantages of wearing a bra Why do women wear bras? Is it to enhance the percieved shape of a woman's breast, minimize or enlarge her perceived breast size, restrain breast movement during an activity, or is it to overcome sagging? Most bras are designed to be form-fitting, to lift the breast of the chest wall if they sag and to retain their movement. All these are advantages of wearing a bra but it has it's disadvantages that can even lead to health issues in the life of women today. Wearing a bra can increase the process of sagging of the breast as well as give rise to many health issues. Sagging of the breast is one major concern in our society today. However, it is a natural, inevitable process that happens to all women at some point. The most notable sagging happens with the process called breast involution which occurs when the milk-making system inside the breast shrinks because it's not needed anymore, but breasts can start sagging a little at any age, because they do not have muscles in them. They have ligaments and connective tissue. When gravity pulls the breasts down, those ligaments and the skin can stretch, and so the breast then sags. This depends on the elasticity of your skin and of your ligaments, as determined by your genes and diet, and also on normal aging processes. Obviously large breasts will sag easier since the gravity is pulling them down more.

Black Asthetics and Toni Morrison

The black arts, or the black aesthetic, movement was born among the black artist as a response to the ideologies of the black power in the 1960’s. The movement was a continuation of the 1920’s and 1930’s Harlem Renaissance that had begun the tradititon of rediscovering the roots os black culture and heritage,dating back to slavery. Some of the major literary figures of the Harlem era included authors James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes and Nella Larsen. The Black arts emerged to promote art that illustrated African-American music, languages, heritage, and beauty. In order to be substantial, art had to have a proudly black subject matter and style; be it sculpture, a piece of music, a novel or a poem. Empowered by the concepts of the black power, the movement inspired the emergence of the black theatre groups, magazines, and printing presses. Literature influenced by the black arts concepts struggled to abandon W. E. B. Du Bois’ idea of double consciousness, which meant blacks were constantly struggling towards the white culture’s ideals, even though the dominant society disabled them for reaching the Eurocentric goals. Mirroring themselves against the value structure of the oppressive white society was depriving the blacks of their empowerment. Black writers wanted to concentrate on solving the problems of the African-American community from the inside, developing awareness of the rich black heritage and gearing the co mmunity to realize it worth. The Black Arts movement brought the time for blacks to stop internalizing the image of being the inferior in the society as a whole. The black population had to find strength, beauty and self esteem within the black community. The black arts, characterized by acute awareness, produced writers like Toni Morrison, Ishmael Reed, and Alice Walker. Toni Morrison undeniably is an author who internalizes the main concerns of the black aesthetic. She writes about black oppression, consciousness and tradition. Her major characters’ are black and they are in constant search for their ethnic identity. The first African American writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature in 1993, Toni Morrison is a leading voice in current debates about the construction of race and black marginality in literature and culture. As a prominent writer of the age she refuses to allow race to be marginalized in literary discourse. Throughout her writing Morrison uses narrative forms to express African Americans' dislocated, oral tradition, and culture, and reclaim African American's historical experiences. She profoundly uses the fictive narratives to transfigure the old south; the bedrock of black dehumanization, degradation and sorrow into an archetypal black homeland, a cultural womb that lays claim to history's orphaned, defamed and disclaimed African children. In her novels Morrison humanizes black characters in fictions that strive to overcome and excavate enforced invisibility of African Americans' social reality. Morrison critiques the mainstream thinking and acclaims that black writers and black characters are the relative means by which text demonstrates to be human and superior. Imagination is possible in the presence of black characters and black contents. At the same time talking African discourse is inferior and submissive tends to impoverish cultural interpretation of reality. Morrison questions the validity and vulnerability of a set of assumptions conventionally accepted and taken for granted among literary historians and critics. Africanist presence, in a constitutive part in the entire history has been rejected. Morrison in Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and Literary Imagination proposes, â€Å"[t] he contemplating of this black presence in central to any understanding of our national literature and should not be permitted to hover at the margins of the literary imagination† (5). Morrison argues that American culture is built on, and is premised by, and always includes, the presence if blacks', as slaves, as outsiders. She likens the unwillingness of academics in a racist society to see the place of Africanism in literature and to the centuries of unwillingness to see a favorite discourse, concerns and identity. She posits whiteness as the ‘Other' of blackness, a dialectical pair, each term both creates and excludes the other: no freedom without slavery, no white without black. The major themes of Toni Morrison's writing is to redefine the notion of white American canonical texts and their idea of African American writing as being non-canonical or inferior. She demonstrates the idea of racial superiority and hegemonic culture in her writings. Morrison, in the preface of her critical work Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and Literary Imagination says she is â€Å"struggling with and through a language that can powerfully evoke and enforce hidden signs of racial superiority, cultural hegemony and dismissive ‘Othering' of people and language which by no means marginal or already and completely known and knowable in my work† (XI). It is clear that Morrison's writing is different from that of mainstream white discourse, which always bserves that African American literature is subsidiary product. Her intention, thorough her writing , is to reinterpret and redefine the hidden, dislocated and alienated Afro-American presence in American mainstream discourse and claim that Afro-Americans are no more inferior human beings. Toni Morrison's fiction demonstrates a central interest in the issues of boundary, attachment, and separation. Her characters experience themselves as wounded, or imprisoned by racial and economic divisions within American culture. The boundaries that circumscribe black people are not only the prejudices and restrictions that bar their entry into the mainstream but the psychological ones they internalize as they develop in a social structure that historically has excluded them. Toni Morrison draws from a rich store of black oral tradition as well as from her own imaginative angle of vision to illuminate the potentialities for both annihilation and transcendence within black experience. Black lore, black music, black language and all the myths and rituals of black culture are the most prominent elements in Toni Morrison's writing. She feels a strong connection to ancestors because they were the culture bearers. She thinks that it is the responsibility of African American writers to dig out that annihilated history and secure the importance of it in the making of American civilization. Toni Morrison ranks among the most highly regarded and widely read fiction writers and cultural critics in America. As a critic she refuses to allow race to be relegated to the margins of literary discourse. She focuses on the importance of African American's oral and musical culture and to reclaim black historical experiences. Morrison says that African American have rediscovered texts that have long been suppressed or ignored, have sought to make places for African American writing within the canon, and have developed ways of interpreting these works.Works CitedMorrison, Toni.  Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1992. Print â€Å"Toni Morrison.†Ã‚  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 21 May 2011. Web. 23 May 2011. .Welcome to Black Aesthetics Institute. Web. 23 May 2011. .

Building Owners and Managers Association

Grade A building as standardized by Building Owners and managers Association (BOMA) is addressed to buildings having finishes of top quality standard, exceptional accessibility, state of the art systems as well as concrete presence of market. Grade A building has top-notch features like impressive architectural design, interior decorations and innovative design. Grade A buildings are maintained by trustworthy panies having prestigious area of city and goof reputation. The current report provides a brief for investigating regarding constituents of ‘Grade A specification’ examining issues and evaluating international literature/guidance, local practice, criteria for determining ‘Grade A specification’ class with particular reference to electrical and mechanical provision of services. Case studies are also provided to support arguments and r mendations have been provided in the current report. The aesthetics, age, features and infrastructures usually classify specifications of the buildings. This system of classifying buildings were created for surveyors and agents of real estate for justifying office space price as well as prepare information of market and survey buildings. According to the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA), grade A building has finishes of high quality standards, state of the art systems, definitive market presence and top class accessibility. Office spaces that has highest quality standard belong to Grade A office building with updated and advanced features. Grade A office buildings are usually maintained by panies having trustworthy management system and are aesthetically appreciable. Generally, Grade A office buildings have special construction features like raised floors, lifts, suspended ceilings, air conditioning and other state of the art facilities and features. These offices are highly furnished with marbles, tiles, mahogany finishes and glass lobbies. These office buildings depicts symbol of luxury, elegance and sophistication. Another easy way to determine whether a building is of Grade A specification is by the height of building. Usually Grade A buildings have large dimensions, high ceilings and are usually skyscrapers. As per guidelines by British council of offices (BCO), a grade A office should have a workplace density of 8 – 13 m 2 with around 6 m 2 means of escape. Approximately 10 – 12 m 2 of core elements are present in such buildings. On floor services constitutes around 8 – 10 m 2 of area. Floor plate efficiency of low-rise buildings is around 80 – 85 %. For deep plan, window-to-window depth is of 15 – 21 m and window to core is around 6 – 12 m. In case of shallow plans, window-to-window is around 12 – 15 m and window to core is around 6 – 7.5 m. Floor to ceiling height is around 2.6 – 2.75 m with around 2.45 m refurbishment.   The planning grids is around 1.5 m by 1.5 m with a column grid of 7.5 m, 9 m, 12 m and 15 m. Around 10 m 2 of male to female ratio is around 60% by 60% toilet provision. Performance requirements for lift should be about 80% with less than 25 seconds of waiting time and up to 12% handling capacity l ess than 90 seconds of time for destination. Approximately 150 mm overall raised floors with typical floor refurbishment of 100 mm and trading floors of around 300 – 500 mm is required top classify the building as Grade A office (Bco.org.uk 2017). Finished floor to underside of ceiling Less than 90 seconds (Till 15th floors) Table 1: Grade Aoffice specification as per BCO The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) is a professional organization for US and Canada based mercial real estate professionals that provides specification for office. BOMA has defined grade A buildings as the most high quality buildings that are used for peting executive and top class office users with building rents more than average of the area. The buildings have top quality standard finish, systems that are state of the art as well as top notch accessibility, which is extremely efficient as well as presence of a definitive market. Visually attractive facades, attractive finishing. Class A buildings are described as the most premium buildings at best locations Advanced designing methods with updated and current standards, very well maintained with updated security. Building is generally situated in CBD and identifiable location with convenient access. Class A buildings use classic design methods especially with concrete and steel structure. Superior interior quality as well as exterior quality finishes is used for curtain walls including elevators and washrooms. Top quality management practices are present with enhanced services and security, HVAC, maintenance, quality and environmental management. Class A buildings contain systems meeting industry standards with automated electrical, mechanical, safety and security systems as well as electrical systems. The backup power system is also available in these buildings. Class A buildings hold at least one environmental certification such as BOMA 3 or 4 LEED that is responsible for sustainable practices in place. Call systems that include maximum response time, security, maintenance, tenant coordination and administration as well. Additional services are also present such as fitness centers, conference centers, cafeteria and food courts as well as restaurants, dry cleaning services, ATM and Wi-Fi services. Table 2: Grade Aoffice specification as per BOMA Office market performance in Dublin Ireland is approximately 2866787 sq. ft. The vacancy rate being 7.8% and a prime rent of 55-60 Euros per sq. ft., market performance is quite good in Dublin. The stock under construction is around 3099789 sq. ft. Currently Grade A buildings that are pleted and available in Dublin is around 80000 sq. feet with nothing larger than 60000 sq. ft in the city centre. 3.7% of the vacant stock is only available through lease currently. Specifications of the building is governed by BREEAM standard with building life of 15 years for air handling units, 20 years for chillers, 20 years for boilers, 20 years for pump sets, 15 years for pressurization units. 20 years for humidifiers, 20 years for control panels, 15 years for luminaries, 15 years for chilled beam units and lifts for 20 years are also governed. Office depths for ground to fourth floor is around 13.85m and fifth to sixth floor is around 12.4m. The 4th to 6th floor should have a clear floor to ceiling cover of 2900-millimeter cover. Import floor loadings should be around 2.5 kilo Newton per meter square. Raised floor building service suspended ceiling loading should be around 0.85-kilo Newton per meter square glazing in doors and windows should be double glazed sealed clear glass. U value should be as per building regulations. The basis of a small overloading will be around 25 Watt per meter square. The basis of gain of heat for lighting will be a maximum of 12 watt per meter square. Electrical Engineering Services will also be a basis for the design of the following elements with office mechanical lighting of 10 watt per meter square, general lighting of 1 watt per meter square. Small power for mechanical services engineering should be in watt per meter square and mechanical services for general should be around 60 watt per meter square. The lifts should be consuming 5 watt per meter square in a little space of 151 per meter square. Fire alarm system should be design as per BS standard 589 types 2.9 with open call analogue system that is addressed. It should be manageable form a ground floor central control panel through interface. The security system should be accessed via proximity sensor card that covers main entrances and floors of property owner areas. Intruder alarm is present in each floor and a vi deo inte system on maintaining a munication between grounds for reception individual. Lighting levels in the plant should be around 200 lux and lighting to the office area should be around 350 lux. Maintained in average with the open plan the overall uniformity ratio of around 0.8 at the defined task area or at desk height should be incorporated. Simple systems of automated lighting should be provided in accordance with BREEM, ADL and CRCEES (Jll.ie 2017). Mechanical services provided consists of the imposed floor loadings should be approximately of 2.5 kN/m 2 , demountable partitions supernumerary to the above loadings are 1 kN/m 2 .   The raised floors, services of buildings with suspended ceiling loads are around 0.85 kN/m 2 .   The curtain wall system consists of opaque as well as clear glazing to the main entrances as well as feature stairs. The flat rain screens panels of rear of the stair cores and main cores are included as well as perforated metal screenings are louvers towards the plant roof. The aluminum window systems need to be coated with thermally broken frames of polyester power coating. The total insulation U value is according to the current regulations of building. Glazing is of double glazed type and lifts provided consists of 2 x 12 person lifts that serves basement to sixth floor and ground to sixth floor. The stainless steel coverings of the door consist of 900 mm wide openings framing system. There needs to be a 100mm overall raised system of flooring of medium grade for providing nominal zone of approximately 70mm clear void through use of 600 x 600 mm encapsulated panel with system of adjustable steel pedestal. The ceiling metal tile system needs to be around 150 and 330 micro perforated. External conditions of the dry bulb summer to be around 29 0 C, wet bulb summer to be around 19 0 C, dry bulb winter to be around -4 0 C and wet bulb winter to be around -5 0 C. The heating systems needs to be conditioned according to constant active multi service chilled beams volume that is suspended directly to the soffit for giving clear minimum ceiling height of 2650 mm AFFL cooling and heating demand through air sensors that is located at occupied space. The three-park place of Dublin Ireland is a Grade A building used for office purpose. The building is ideal as office location as it helps in maintaining a proper work life balance. The concert venues, galleries, museums, colleges, universities and museums are in close proximity of the building. It has a substructure specification that includes ground floor slab of 320-millimeter thickness reinforced concrete floor slabs. The structural flat slab in situ concrete thickness is 324 mm. External walls have a high quality double glazed proprietary system of curtain walling having a silicone external frameless joint as well as pacified glass insulated spandrel panels for elevations to hatch street. Three-park place in Dublin has met the specifications and criteria of being a Grade A office building as it has highly efficient as well as flexible floor plates. The reception is impressive and has double height. It is targeted by LEED platinum and the reception, toilet, shower facilities and lobby is finished as per highest corporate standard. The building has excellent shower and bike facilities, natural lighting for floor, standby generators, efficient LED PIR lighting, raised access floors, 4 pipe air conditioning systems with blank thermal storage bank is present with a total occupancy density of 1.7 m 2 . There are six high-speed 17 passenger lifts with efficient rainwater harvesting system. The raised access floor has a void of around 200mm. The total suspended ceiling has a void of 400 mm. The total floor to ceiling height is around 2.83 m.   Ã‚   It can be concluded that Grade A office buildings maintain quality standards of buildings that provides the user with fort as well as energy efficiency. Further it is also seen that Grade A office buildings have excellent mechanical as well as electrical properties. Advanced designing methods with updated and current standards, very well maintained with updated security is used in grade A office buildings. Class A buildings also use classic design methods especially with concrete and steel structure. Superior interior quality as well as exterior quality finishes is used for curtain walls including elevators and washrooms. Office market performance in Dublin Ireland is approximately 2866787 sq. ft with a vacancy rate being 7.8% and a prime rent of 55-60 Euro per sq. ft, grade A office buildings have a strong hold in Dublin, Ireland. Electrical Engineering Services is based for the design of the following elements with office mechanical lighting of around 10 watt per meter square and g eneral lighting of 1 watt per meter square. It is r mended that Grade A office buildings should ply with BREEM standards and energy efficiency. Further, the electrical equipments should also be ensured to be energy efficient. The office buildings should also incorporate renewal of office wastes and keep recycling process available. Sustainability within the building should be maintained suing lean approach and further improvements of the building should also be incorporated such as introduction of cloud based IOT within different building ponents like video inte and CCTV cameras. Bco.org.uk, 2017, British Council of Offices [online], Available at: https://www.bco.org.uk/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017] Jll.ie, 2017, 2016 Dublin Office Market Outlook [online], Available at: https://www.jll.ie/ireland/en-ie/Research/JLL%20Dublin%20Office%20Market%20Review%20and%20Outlook%202016.pdf?fb56ea68-273e-43f7-b8b1-62d6178406c1 [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017]

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Research Proposal Example The origin of the pathogen was traced back to the British soldiers who were returning from Asia. In Haiti, the earthquake in 2010 was a great turn of events (Farmer, 24). As the country recovered from the spoils, with the support of volunteers from all over the world, there was a cholera outbreak which infected more than 8000 people, leaving at least 5000 of them dead (Hogg, 65). It is interesting that the origin of the pathogen, even in the case of Haiti was not from within. The circumstances that led to the massive mortality are also similar. Although separated by more than one and a half centuries, the two tales have much in common (Nair, 49). This research seeks to establish a spatial relationship of the two cities, London in 1830 and Haiti in 2010 with the aim of making a spatial analysis of the conditions in the two cases that could have led to the outbreaks and inability to control them (Shah scientificamerican.com). This will lead to a possible development of important lessons that can be learnt from the relationship and the comparison to enhance future responses. This research will be in the form of a spatial analysis. This being a qualitative study, the information will be obtained from the internet on cholera and its relationship with the geographical environment. This is likely to be obtained from medical websites such as WHO and CDC websites. Data is also to be obtained from news reports on the two cholera outbreaks and the relationship that exist in the two tales. Academic journal articles on the relationship between human geography and demographics on disease outbreak and control. These sources are most likely to provide both primary and secondary data for the research. This data will be analyzed systematically focusing on answering the research question. The analysis will compare the spatial characteristics of the two geographical locations and deduce a relationship that should be addressed. This is a

APPLIED PROJECT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Crisis Mapping Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL SERVICES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

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American Apparel Unwrapping Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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