Are we violating the human rights of patients in a persistent Essay

Are we violating the human rights of patients in a persistent vegetative state - Essay Example Other research objectives identified are: signs and symptoms, causative factors, legal preliminaries, etc. Using these research objectives, we have confirmed the findings through a wide choice of case studies. Analysis: The case studies used are 1)Tony Bland 2)Terri Schiavo 3)Leslie Burke 4)Glass v. UK. These case studies have gone into the depth of how and why it is necessary to have proper legal safeguard mechanisms to avoid human rights violations, because of various controversies that are inseparable from the very findings of PVS. Conclusion: The case studies, backed with solid strength of data in Literature Review, clearly confirm that there is a lot of possibility for human rights abuse in PVS, and relevant safeguard mechanisms have been suggested to alleviate concerns. Ch 1: Literature Review The aim of this dissertation is to determine the ethical and legal repercussions of a highly sensitive topic: Persistent Vegetative State, or PVS as we’ll refer to it throughout the paper. This topic has generated a lot of controversy in recent times, because it comes on the fence between the ethical perspectives of pro-life advocates and euthanasia supporters, which are two grossly different factions in this debate over what would constitute a better alternative for the patient itself. From the very outset, our interest lies in picturing an appropriate controversial definition of PVS. The term was first coined by Scottish neurosurgeon Bryan Jennet and American neurologist Fred Plum to describe â€Å"that condition in a patient’s physical and physiological well-being, that essentially makes them unconscious and unaware of their surroundings,

Microeconomics of Labour Supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics of Labour Supply - Essay Example From a microeconomic perspective the labour market differs from other markets in terms of the factors of demand and supply mainly because there will be a limited supply of the resource i.e. "working hours",involved which may be further varied by many situations like epidemics,migration and increased vacations or even the wage rates currently being offered.The article discusses the correlation between employment and Labour demand and supply in the United Kingdom with the latest statistics and compares them to the employment rate in the 1970's.This has been attributed to the labour market performance which has increased since 1997 The national statistics (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/) have some good news for the British economy as they show that not only has employment increased but people are increasingly not claiming unemployment.This is because more jobs have been created and average earnings, excluding bonuses have increased (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/). Now coming to the basic model of Microeconomic supply of labour,the labour supply curve in the microeconomic model is upward sloping because higher wages will attract more and more workers .This includes the labour supply emanating from the pool of labour supply which is working for other industries or the untapped sources of labour like housewives and the younger pool of labour force who were previously lacked the incentive to work.This also has been influenced by the elasticity of labour supply. So what are these factors affecting labour supply Current wage rate prevalent in the industry is definitely an issue here as it will bring out the untapped reserves of labour.This will also be affected strongly by work opportunities,pension schemes,share option offers as well as a sanitary and safe work place free of stress and harassment.Labour supply responds to wage differentials within competing jobs so if a similar or substitute vocation will be offering better pay and benefits the labour will tend to shift to that sector.In the recent years there has been an increase in the exodus of the British labour supply to management oriented Jobs because they offer better work packages and perks like company cars and flats.However it should be noted that there can certain barriers to an industry labour supply especially if it is qualification or license based.For example one reason the wages/remuneration of lawyers and chartered accountants is so high is because they have to spend a long time training for their degrees and spend a lot of money of achieving their technical licenses.The supply of labour will increase due to occupational and geographical mobility as well mainly because then the labour will not only be able to switch jobs easily from one industry to another but they will also be better equipped to travel to far off areas to work for their jobs.Other factors include the fact whether the industrial conditions are conducive to women with families or young people struggling to get an education while earning a living.Lack of job security and future career development can play an immense role in increasing/boosting the supply of labour.Things regarding geographical mobility have changed a lot eversince UK's accession to the European Union as people from disadvantaged EU member states have a large influx into Britain and they are competing for Jobs with them.It should

Leadership Styles and Management in Mental Health Care

Leadership Styles and Management in Mental Health Care Leadership Styles and Management Discuss the impact of transformational and transactional leadership styles on the management of violence and aggression within UK regional maximum security forensic mental health hospital. Incorporating organisation structure, change management, multidisciplinary working, staff motivation and retention, legal and ethical implications for nursing practice. Executive Summary: In this essay we discuss the transformational and transactional leadership styles in the management of violence and crisis situations within the clinical setting and in mental health units. We begin our discussion with studies on the need for disaster management teams and structured command system within hospitals to help ensure that patients receive proper care when needed. We then briefly discuss the differences of transformational and transactional leadership styles and suggest that both personality patterns and attitudes towards these styles determine care and change management within the hospitals. Struggling with your nursing essay(s)? Did you know that we can help you with your leadership styles and management and any other nursing essays? We can help you! Place an order with us and youll get: An exact, 100% original answer to your essay question From a graduate writer, qualified in your subject area Delivered confidentially by email, in 3 hours 10 days (you choose) Stop struggling and get the help you need from the UK’s favourite student support company, right now. Introduction: Leadership styles within the nursing practice can be evaluated by understanding the relationship between management and planning, change operations and organisation structure. As Zane and Prestipino (2004) point out, hospital disaster manuals and response plans lack formal command structure in most cases and the hospital authorities rely on the presence of certain individuals who are familiar with hospital operations or hold leadership positions and abilities during the routine operations and management of the hospital. Management of emergency situations, especially in case of mental health patients who are prone to violence requires the expertise of a disaster management team. However such leadership patterns in which the hospital does not have a formal command structure may be unreliable and during critical conditions, the relying on a few individuals may be inadequate as the concerned persons may not be available at all times and even for prolonged events of crisis, this is not a feasible option or proper management. The Hospital Emergency Incident Command System (HEICS) is a command structure and a method suggested that provides a structured pattern of leadership which does not have to rely on specific individuals for crisis management (such as inpatient violence, or serious injury) and is more flexible and can be applied in all kinds of services such as fire services, emergency medical services, military, police agencies and improves ease of communication among professionals during crisis periods. The study by Zane and Prestipino give a descriptive report of the implementation of the HEICS in a healthcare network and recommends that since this tool pro vides a complete command structure for hospitals and by being a common tool for management can enable validity, reliability of the system as well as consistency and commonality with other hospitals ad disaster response teams. Considering the necessities of a disaster response team and the need for effective leadership styles of management of crises situations, in this essay we would discuss the various styles of leadership and how this relates to change management, nursing practice, and the quality of care during emergency and normal conditions . Several issues are considered here along with examples from evidential studies and clinical research. Leadership Styles in Clinical Management Our discussion will revolve around two forms of leadership patterns mainly the transactional and the transformational styles of leadership. The differences between transactional and transformational leadership styles were first given by Weber (1947, in Turner, 1998) who suggested that transactional leadership is based on control on the basis of knowledge and hierarchical power and transactional leaders aim to negotiate and bargain to achieve higher efficiency. In case of transformational leadership, the leader is a charismatic personality who seeks to change or transform ordinary people with his qualities and seeks to change ways of thinking by using novel ideas within the organisation. Hendel et al(2005)examined the relationship between leadership styles and the choice of strategy in conflict management among nurse managers. The study identified conflict mode choices of head nurses in general hospitals as nurses deal with conflicts on a daily basis and have to implement effective choice of conflict management mode to deal with the complicated situations. The authors point out that the choice of conflict management mode is largely associated with managerial effectiveness of the nurses. It is largely understood that the ability to manage conflict situations creatively to result in constructive and effective outcomes is a standard requirement in nursing practice. For the purposes of the study, the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument, the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire, Form 5X-Short (MLQ 5X) and demographic data were used. 60 head nurses were selected for the study and the results indicated that most head nurses perceived themselves as transformational lead ers in the clinical setting rather than transactional leaders. The most common conflict management strategy was an emphasis on compromise and more than half of the nurses studied admitted to using only one mode of conflict management. Transformational leadership was found to be more popular and widely used than transactional style of leadership and the style of leadership also affected the conflict strategy selected. In case of mental health and psychiatric patients, conflict management and management of violent behaviours in patients are the major challenges. Thus the study mainly argued that conflict handling mode in head nurses is largely associated with the style of leadership and the overall conflict management approach that was based on compromise. Katz and Kirkland (1990) point out that violent behaviour in mental hospital wards is widespread although there may be differences in incidence and distribution. Their study suggested that are varying patterns to show the relation between staff behaviour, management styles, social organisation of the unit and the levels of violence. The study suggests conclusively that, violence is a symptom of disorder not only in the biological and psychological field but also in the socio-cultural field'(p.262). Violent behaviours in patients were found to be more frequent in wards where staff functions were unclear, where there were no predictable staff-meeting interaction or which had slackened or unstructured leadership or management approach. The role of personality in transactional and transformational leadership has been examined by Bono and Judge (2004). Their study was based on meta-analysis of the relationship between personality and ratings on transformational and transactional leadership behaviours. The five factor model was used in the study and personality traits were related to 3 dimensions of transformational leadership namely idealized influence-inspirational motivation or charisma, intellectual stimulation, and individualised consideration and also to the 3 dimensions of transactional leadership namely contingent reward, management by exception-active and passive leadership. Extraversion as a major personality trait has been found to be the most consistent correlate of transformational leadership and even charisma was closely related to this style of leadership. There is a growing need to understand the subtle personality traits and how these relate to the unobvious characteristics and determinants of transfo rmational and transactional styles of leadership. In an earlier study, Judge and Bono (2000) have linked the personality traits from five factor model with that of transformational leadership patterns and behaviours. The personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness and Openness to Experience have been found to predict transformational leadership and are traits that are closely related to this particular leadership style. Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were found to be unrelated to transformational leadership behaviours. Judge and Bono further stated that transformational leadership behavior predicted a number of outcomes reflecting leader effectiveness, controlling for the effect of transactional leadership (2000,p.751). Leadership styles also affect performance and not just personality patterns and behaviours. The overall performance of a unit has been critically examined by Bass et al (2003) assessing both transformational and transactional leadership styles. The authors ask how leadership styles and ratings from operating units can predict the subsequent performance of these units that operate under high stress and even considerable uncertainty. In this study, the predictive relationships for transformational and transactional leadership styles for ratings of unit potency, cohesion and performance levels were calculated. The results indicated that both the leadership styles positively predicted unit performance suggesting that transactional and transformational styles of leadership may be both effective for improving performance of an entire nursing or clinical unit. Some studies have suggested that staff retention and job satisfaction are closely associated with transformational leadership styles (Kleinman, 2004). Prenkert and Ehnfors (1997) measured organisational effectiveness in relation to transactional and transformational leadership in nursing management. The relative influences of transactional (TA) and transformational (TF) styles of leadership on organisational effectiveness (OE) was measured as the degree of goal attainment and reflected on the quality of nursing care (NQ) provided. The study used interviews of head nurses and the Leadership Nursing-Effectiveness Questionnaire (LNEQ) was also used. The result indicated that TA and TF leadership styles had low or significant connection with the organisational effectiveness at a hospital and the study did not support the perceived understanding that organisations and clinical settings exposed to higher levels of transformational or transaction leadership behaviours show better organisational effectiveness. Conclusion: In this study we discussed various approaches to transformational and transactional leadership styles and behaviours and in the course of the discussion we showed the different views and perceptions on leadership styles. In general most of the studies discussed here suggest that transformational leadership is preferred and is the more positive form of leadership as it emphasises on individual power and charisma to change the surroundings and the situation. Transactional leadership on the other hand is comparatively easier form of leadership as it is not dependent on any unique personality pattern but is largely dependent on how an individual uses the situations to bring out efficient and positive consequences. However as Bonos studies suggest both the leadership styles may be equally related to personality patterns with openness and agreeableness being important traits of a transformational leader. Most studies discussed here seems to point out that leadership styles are closely rela ted to change management, quality of care, work relations, job satisfaction and overall nursing practice. This is also true in all other areas and services, including mental health wards where violence management of patients is a major challenge for head nurses. There are however few exceptional studies examined here that seem to argue that organisational effectiveness have little, no or uncertain relationship with leadership styles. Recommendations: Following the discussions and evidential studies above, we suggest several moves for better services and improvement of leadership behaviours in the clinical settings keeping in mind the ethical implications. These can be given as follows: 1. Conducting interviews, using surveys and questionnaires to understand nurse attitudes and perceptions towards leadership styles 2. Performing personality tests to identify traits correlating with the different leadership styles to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the workforce 3. Having transformational and transactional leadership style training, education and analysis to make nursing staff suitable for handling crisis situations especially in mental health units 4. Increasing awareness on leadership styles among and showing the importance or use of each leadership behaviour during crisis in hospitals and psychiatric wards 5. Forming a disaster management team or emergency team that will be well informed of leadership styles and relative characteristics or advantages of each Bibliography Zane RD, Prestipino AL.   Implementing the Hospital Emergency Incident Command System: an integrated delivery systems experience. Prehospital Disaster Med. 2004 Oct-Dec;19(4):311-7. Dutton JE, Frost PJ, Worline MC, Lilius JM, Kanov JM Leading in times of trauma. Harv Bus Rev. 2002 Jan;80(1):54-61, 125. Arnetz BB Psychosocial challenges facing physicians of today. Soc Sci Med. 2001 Jan;52(2):203-13. Review. Gilbert T. Nursing: empowerment and the problem of power. J Adv Nurs. 1995 May;21(5):865-71. Review. Kootte AF Psychosocial response to disaster: the attacks on the Stark and the Cole. Med Confl Surviv. 2002 Jan-Mar;18(1):44-58. Franco H, Galanter M, Castaneda R, Patterson J. Combining behavioral and self-help approaches in the inpatient management of dually diagnosed patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1995 May-Jun;12(3):227-32. Katz P, Kirkland FR. Violence and social structure on mental hospital wards. Psychiatry. 1990 Aug;53(3):262-77. Hendel T, Fish M, Galon V. Leadership style and choice of strategy in conflict management among Israeli nurse managers in general hospitals. J Nurs Manag. 2005 Mar;13(2):137-46. Judge TA, Piccolo RF Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity. J Appl Psychol. 2004 Oct;89(5):755-68. Bono JE, Judge TA Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analysis. J Appl Psychol. 2004 Oct;89(5):901-10. Bass BM, Avolio BJ, JungDI, Berson Y Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. J Appl Psychol. 2003 Apr;88(2):207-18. Stordeur S, DHoore W, Vanderberghe C. Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff. J Adv Nurs. 2001 Aug;35(4):533-42. Laurent CL A nursing theory for nursing leadership. J Nurs Manag. 2000 Mar;8(2):83-7. Judge TA, Bono JE Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership. J Appl Psychol. 2000 Oct;85(5):751-65. Kleinman C The relationship between managerial leadership behaviors and staff nurse retention. Hosp Top. 2004 Fall;82(4):2-9. Dunham J, Klafehn KA. Transformational leadership and the nurse executive. J Nurs Adm. 1990 Apr;20(4):28-34. The Cambridge Companion to Weber ~Stephen Turner (Editor) Cambridge University Press Paperback June 3, 1998

Essay example --

â€Å"National Socialism: A Menace† (1932) by Ewald Von Kleist-Schmenzin and â€Å"Hitler and Christianity† (1931) are accounts that argued how National Socialism as a new ideology was a threat to the German nation as well as people. These two excerpts are found in Neil Gregor’s Nazism, published by Oxford University Press in 2000. Both authors focus on the issue of race, religion, and political hostility to show how Nazism could become a political ideology that is threatening to anyone considered an enemy as well as peace in the German state and Europe. Ewald Von Kleist-Schmenzin’s â€Å"National Socialism: A Menace† is centered on the idea that National Socialism is a recipe for disaster for the people of Germany. We see this idea in the first paragraph where Schmenzin says, â€Å"the impact of National Socialism is assuming dimensions that threaten our future.† He bases this prediction on his view that National Socialism was turning regular people into violent fanatics. One example of this transformation is seen when Schmenzin described how National Socialism changed the minds of â€Å"workers, who were originally just rationalistically minded.† Another example would be how this new ideology turned the Nationalists and Social Democrats into fierce enemies creating an environment of extreme political polarity. Schmenzin also argues that one of the party’s main objectives is to obtain strict loyalty from the people. Schmenzin says, â€Å"the flow of followers to Hitler is largely a movement of fear and desperation†¦many of them put all their hopes in Hitler and do not want to see the shortcoming of National Socialism.† He also argued heavily of how the National Socialists were rejecting religion to be replaced with the concept of race. According to Schmen... ...e source by Alfons Wild is more compelling because his arguments are presented in the form of logic. He used the fact of how Christianity discourages war and then shows how Hitler believes in a strong military. Wild also shows how race plays a major role in the National Socialist movement because the Aryan race â€Å"has a higher right to life than other races,†v which Wild defines as hate. He combines both these ideas of violence and hatred to explain how National Socialism was not a Christian movement. Schmenzin and Wild’s excerpts contained in Gregor’s Nazism give an idea of what people who opposed National Socialism thought and how they argued the dangerous aspects of Nazism as well as Hitler. The fact that both Authors wrote these excerpts in the early 1930s shows how National Socialism looked unattractive to some even before it gained political power in Germany.

Plantation System Essay

This essay seeks to account for the emergence of the plantation system in the Caribbean. Discuss with special reference to the sugar industry. According to the Oxford Concise Dictionary a plantation is a long, artificially-established forest, farm or estate, where crops are grown for sale, often in distant markets rather than for local on-site consumption. The term plantation is informal and not precisely defined. Plantations are grown on a large scale as the crops grown are for commercial purpose Crops grown on plantations include fast-growing tress (often conifers), cotton, coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, sisal, some oil seeds (notably oil palms) and rubber trees. Farms that produce alfalfa, Lespedeza, clover and other forage crops are usually not called plantations. He term â€Å"plantation† has usually not included large orchards (except for banana plantations), but does include the planting of trees for lumber. A plantation is always a monoculture over a large area and does not include extensive naturally occurring stands of plants that have economic value. Because of its large size, a plantation takes advantage of economies of scale. Protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have contributed to determining where plantations have been located. Among the earliest examples of plantations were the latifundia of the Roman Empire, which produced large quantities of wine and olive oil for export. Plantation agriculture grew rapidly with the increase in international trade and the development of a worldwide economy that followed the expansion of European colonial empires. Like every economic activity, it has changed over time. Earlier forms of plantation agriculture were associated with large disparities of wealth and income, foreign ownership and political influence, and exploitative social systems such as indentured labor and slavery. The history of the environmental, social and economic issues relating to plantation agriculture is covered in articles that focus on those subjects. In the 17th century Europeans began to establish settlements in the Americas. The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership became known as the plantation system. Starting in Virginia the system spread to the New England colonies. Crops grown on these plantations such as tobacco, rice, sugar cane and cotton were labor intensive. Slaves were in the fields from sunrise to sunset and at harvest time they did an eighteen hour day. Women worked the same hours as the men and pregnant women were expected to continue until their child was born. European immigrants had gone to America to own their own land and were reluctant to work for others. Convicts were sent over from Britain but there had not been enough to satisfy the tremendous demand for labor. Planters therefore began to purchase slaves. At first these came from the West Indies but by the late 18th century they came directly from Africa and busy slave-markets were established in Philadelphia, Richmond, Charleston and New Orleans. The death-rate amongst slaves was high. To replace their losses, plantation owners encouraged the slaves to have children. Child-bearing started around the age of thirteen, and by twenty the women slaves would be expected to have four or five children. To encourage child-bearing some population owners promised women slaves their freedom after they had produced fifteen children. In the early days of the Southern colonies land was inexpensive but workers were hard to find. Men could buy up huge estates on which to grow profitable crops such as tobacco, but they couldn’t find anyone willing to work the land. At first they solved this problem by using indentured servants. An indentured servant was a type of temporary slave, contracted to work for a period of several years in order to pay back the cost of a passage by ship from Britain to the colonies. The conditions of plantation life were harsh and dangerous, and 40 percent of indentured servants died before paying off their debts. The classic plantation was a politico-economic invention, a colonial frontier institution, combining non-European slaves and European capital, technology, and managerial skill with territorial control of free or cheap subtropical lands in the mass, monocrop production of agricultural commodities for European markets. The plantation system shaped Caribbean societies in certain uniform ways: the growth of two social segments, both migrant, one enslaved and numerous, the other free and few in number; settlement on large holdings, the choicest lands (mainly coastal alluvial plains and intermontane valleys) being preempted for plantation production; local political orders excluding the numerically preponderant group from civil participation by force, law, and custom; and a capitalist rationale of production, with the planter a businessman rather than a farmer-colonist, even though the investment of capital in human stock and the code of social relations lent a somewhat non-capitalist colo ration to enterprise.

God and The Common Good Approach : Allowing Evil to Demonstrate Empathy

When one looks at the atrocities in the world today and the example used by Johnson of the innocent infant burned in a building, a common reaction is empathy and sympathy. If Johnson insists on viewing God as a mortal and asserting that a human being would not allow such atrocity, then it is useful to look at approaches taken by ethical, moral actors in the world today. Looking at the Common-Good approach, we may assert that in order for us to have qualities, such as empathy, compassion, and other redeemable traits, we must have situations in our lives that evoke these qualities.Without pain and suffering, there is no need for these positive traits, therefore, the argument that God is not good does not apply. His position is to ensure that men can become good of their own free will. Johnson would argue this approach equates to allowing men to become evil on their own free will, as well. But, this is the essence of free will and of the Common-Good approach, we must be able to see both good and evil to decide how to best achieve a society that can combat this inevitability of free will.Therefore, God can be looked at as human, then human approaches to ethics and the common good must be utilized, so under the Common Good approach, God is good. The Common Good approach essentially deals with an idea that individual good is equated and ensured with public good and that individual, honorable traits should be shared as a community in a healthy fashion. In this way, goodness, is not good if it is not shared.To apply this to counteract Johnson’s argument, it can be said, then, that in order to recognize good to share it, we must also be able to recognize bad or â€Å"evil†, in order to know how to counter it in a world of free will. â€Å"Appeals to the common good urge us to view ourselves as members of the same community, reflecting on broad questions concerning the kind of society we want to become and how we are to achieve that society† (Velasqu ez, et al, 1996, 2).Johnson’s argument to this would be that just as there is an imagined God that promotes good in the actions of man in reference to free will, there could easily be an evil God that does the opposite. â€Å"For example, we could say that God is evil and that he allows free will so that we can freely do evil things, which would make us more truly evil than we would be if forced to perform evil acts† (Johnson, 1983, 88). This argument against free will does not compliment Johnson’s insistence that we look at God as a human being.Just as societies and groups strive to make communities better, there are groups, who conspire to do evil deeds and go against the common good. If God is only human, then God can only hope that others will chose not to do evil with their free will. In conclusion, Johnson is flawed in looking at God as if God is human, then attaching inhuman traits or superhuman traits to action or inaction. If God is made of human qualit ies, then there will be flaws in even God’s own self and design.But, with the insistence of Johnson to claim God as human, then we can simply look at ethical human approached to good and evil. We can be hopeful that with the Common Good approach that moral actors will do what is right with the idea that God would act in this same manner. References Johnson, B. C. â€Å"The Problem of God and Evil† in The Atheist Debater’s Handbook. (1983). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. 99-108. reprint. Velasquez, M. , Andre, C. , Shanks, T, Meyer, S. J. & Meyer M. â€Å"Thinking Ethically: A Framework for Moral Decision Making† in Issues in Ethics (Winter, 1996). 2-5.

Free Essays on A Comparison Of Animal Farm And The Russian Revolution

George Orwell’s controversial novel â€Å"Animal Farm† has often been thought of as Orwell’s opinions, or interpretations of historical events that happened around the time it was written. The historical event that it is most often compared to is the Russian Revolution. â€Å"Animal Farm† and the Russian Revolution have many similarities and ideas. The characters, settings, and the plots are close if not exactly the same. In addition â€Å"Animal Farm† is a satire and allegory of the Russian Revolution , and it seems that George Orwell meant for it to be that way. Karl Marx was a German scholar who lived in the nineteenth century, he was an idealist who spent most of his life studying and writing about history and economics. Marx wrote books that stated that the only way to establish justice was for the workers to overthrow the capitalists by means of violent revolution. He urged workers around the world to revolt against their rulers. â€Å"Workers of the world unite† he wrote. â€Å"You have nothing to lose but your chains†. During the Russian Revolution Marx’s ideas were used by a man named Lenin who had overthrown Russia's irresponsible leader â€Å" Nicholas the Second† Lenin had better ways to keep Russia alive and happy for the workers of Russia had been living in poverty for quite a few years. Later in the Revolution the noble Lenin was also over thrown by one of his communist comrades Joseph Stalin. Stalin was a quieter simpler sort of man and while he was in rule the communist party took many privileges. A lso Stalin used many of Lenin’s ideas that he had earlier opposed. It seemed to be most important to Stalin that he stay in power and I order to do this he used many brutal tactics. Chief among his creations were highly effective political weapons such as an effective propaganda spreading machine that more and more promoted that Stalin was a nearly god like creature, and also he had a secret police force which kept the ... Free Essays on A Comparison Of Animal Farm And The Russian Revolution Free Essays on A Comparison Of Animal Farm And The Russian Revolution George Orwell’s controversial novel â€Å"Animal Farm† has often been thought of as Orwell’s opinions, or interpretations of historical events that happened around the time it was written. The historical event that it is most often compared to is the Russian Revolution. â€Å"Animal Farm† and the Russian Revolution have many similarities and ideas. The characters, settings, and the plots are close if not exactly the same. In addition â€Å"Animal Farm† is a satire and allegory of the Russian Revolution , and it seems that George Orwell meant for it to be that way. Karl Marx was a German scholar who lived in the nineteenth century, he was an idealist who spent most of his life studying and writing about history and economics. Marx wrote books that stated that the only way to establish justice was for the workers to overthrow the capitalists by means of violent revolution. He urged workers around the world to revolt against their rulers. â€Å"Workers of the world unite† he wrote. â€Å"You have nothing to lose but your chains†. During the Russian Revolution Marx’s ideas were used by a man named Lenin who had overthrown Russia's irresponsible leader â€Å" Nicholas the Second† Lenin had better ways to keep Russia alive and happy for the workers of Russia had been living in poverty for quite a few years. Later in the Revolution the noble Lenin was also over thrown by one of his communist comrades Joseph Stalin. Stalin was a quieter simpler sort of man and while he was in rule the communist party took many privileges. A lso Stalin used many of Lenin’s ideas that he had earlier opposed. It seemed to be most important to Stalin that he stay in power and I order to do this he used many brutal tactics. Chief among his creations were highly effective political weapons such as an effective propaganda spreading machine that more and more promoted that Stalin was a nearly god like creature, and also he had a secret police force which kept the ...

A History of the Palace of Versailles, the Jewel of the Sun King

A History of the Palace of Versailles, the Jewel of the Sun King Beginning as a humble hunting lodge, the Palace of Versailles grew to encompass the permanent residence of the French monarchy and the seat of political power in France. The royal family was forcibly removed from the palace at the onset of the French Revolution, though subsequent political leaders, including Napoleon and the Bourbon kings, spent time in the palace before it was transformed into a public museum.   Key Takeaways The Palace of Versailles was originally constructed in 1624 as a simple, two-story hunting lodge. King Louis XIV, the Sun King, spent nearly 50 years expanding the palace, and in1682, he moved both the royal residence and French seat of government to Versailles. The French central government remained in Versailles until the beginning of the French Revolution, when Marie-Antoinette and King Louis XVI were forced from the estate. In 1837, the estate was refurbished and inaugurated as a museum. Today, more than 10 million people visit the Palace of Versailles annually.   Though the main function of the contemporary Palace of Versailles is as a museum, it also plays host to important political and social events throughout the year, including presidential addresses, state dinners, and concerts.   A Royal Hunting Lodge (1624 -1643) In 1624, King Louis XIII ordered the construction of a simple, two-story hunting lodge in dense woodlands about 12 miles outside of Paris. By 1634, the simple lodge had been replaced by a more regal stone and brick chateau, though it still maintained its purpose as a hunting lodge until King Louis XIV took the throne. Versailles and the Sun King (1643-1715) Louis XIII died in 1643, leaving the monarchy in the hands of the four-year-old Louis XIV. When he came of age, Louis began work on the family hunting lodge, ordered the addition of kitchens, stables, gardens, and residential apartments. By 1677, Louis XIV had begun to lay the foundation for a more permanent move, and in 1682, he transferred both the royal residence and the French government to Versailles. King Louis XIV, pictured here arriving at Versailles, commissioned most of the expansion on Versailles during his 72-year reign. adoc-photos / Getty Images  Ã‚   By removing government from Paris, Louis XIV solidified his omnipotent power as a monarch. From this point forward, all gatherings of nobility, courtiers, and government officials happened under the watchful eye of the Sun King in his Palace of Versailles. King Louis XIV’s 72-year reign, the longest of any European monarch, afforded him the ability to spend more than 50 years adding to and renovating the chateau at Versailles, where he died at the age of 76. Below are the elements of the Palace of Versailles that were added during the reign of King Louis XIV. The King’s Apartments (1701) Built as the private residence for the king within the Palace of Versailles, the kings apartments featured gold and marble detailing as well as Greek and Roman artwork intended to represent the king’s divinity. In 1701, King Louis XIV moved his bedchamber to the centermost point of the royal apartments, making his room the focal point of the palace. He died in this room in 1715. King Louis XIV moved his bedchamber, making it the focal point of the palace both inside and out. Pictured here is the outside of the king’s bedchamber, flanked by two wings of the Palace of Versailles. Jacques Morell / Getty Images   The Queen’s Apartments (1682) The first queen to reside in these apartments was Maria Theresa, wife of King Louis XIV, but she died in 1683 soon after arriving in Versailles. The apartments were later dramatically altered first by King Louis XIV, who annexed several rooms in the palace to create his royal bedchamber, and later by Marie-Antoinette. The Hall of Mirrors (1684) The Hall of Mirrors is the central gallery of the Palace of Versailles, named for 17 ornate arches fitted with 21 mirrors each. These mirrors reflect the 17 arched windows that look out onto the dramatic gardens of Versailles. The Hall of Mirrors represents the enormous wealth of the French monarchy, as mirrors were among the most expensive belongings during the 17th century. The hall was originally constructed of two lateral enclosed wings, linked by an open-air terrace, in the style of an Italian baroque villa. However, the temperamental French climate made the terrace impractical, so it was swiftly replaced by the enclosed Hall of Mirrors. The Hall of Mirrors, Versailles.   Jacques Morell / Getty Images The Royal Stables (1682) The royal stables are two symmetrical structures built directly across from the palace, indicating the importance of horses at the time. The great stables housed the horses used by the king, the royal family, and the military, while the small stables housed coach horses and the coaches themselves. The Grand and Small Stables, named for purpose rather than size, are visible on the left and right sides of this illustration.   Hulton Deutsch / Getty Images   The King’s State Apartments (1682) The King’s State Apartments were rooms used for ceremonial purposes and social gatherings. Though they were all built in the Italian baroque style, each bears the name of a different Greek god or goddess: Hercules, Venus, Diana, Mars, Mercury, and Apollo. The only exception is the Hall of Plenty, where visitors could find refreshments. The final room to be added to these apartments, the Hercules Room, served as a religious chapel until 1710, when the Royal Chapel was added.   The Royal Chapel (1710) The final structure of the Palace of Versailles commissioned by Louis XIV was the Royal Chapel. Biblical illustrations and statues line the walls, drawing the worshipers’ eyes toward the altar, which features a relief depicting the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Biblical illustrations and statues line the walls of the chapel, guiding worshipers’ eyes to the altar.   Print Collector/ Getty Images   The Grand Trianon (1687) The Grand Trianon was built as a summer residence where the royal family could take refuge from the ever-expanding court at Versailles. The Grand Trianon is only a single story to emphasize the connection with the gardens.   Hans Wild / Getty Images   The Gardens of Versailles (1661) The Gardens of Versailles include a promenade that faces east to west, following the path of the sun in honor of the Sun King. A network of paths open to pavilions, fountains, statues, and an orangery. Because the expansive gardens could be overwhelming, Louis XIV would often lead tours of the area, showing courtiers and friends where to stop and what to admire. The gardens of Versailles encompass nearly 2,000 acres and feature fountains, pavilions, statues, and an orangery.   Imagno / Getty Images   Continued Construction and Governance in Versailles After King Louis XIV’s death in 1715, the seat of government in Versailles was abandoned in favor of Paris, though King Louis XV reestablished it in the 1720s. Versailles remained the center of government until the French Revolution.   View of the Chateau of Versailles seen from the Place d’armes in 1722† by Pierre-Denis Martin. Adoc-photos / Getty Images  Ã‚   Louis XV (1715-1774) King Louis XV, great-grandson of Louis XIV, assumed the French throne at the age of five. Known as commonly as Louis the Beloved, the king was a strong proponent of Enlightenment ideas, including science and the arts. The additions he made to the Palace of Versailles reflect these interests.    The King’s and Queen’s Private Apartments (1738) Allowing for more privacy and comfort, the King’s and Queen’s Private Apartments were truncated versions of the original royal apartments, featuring low ceilings and undecorated walls. The Royal Opera (1770) The Royal Opera is constructed in an ovular shape, ensuring that all in attendance can see the stage. Additionally, the wooden structure gives the acoustics a soft but clearly audible violin-like sound. The Royal Opera is the largest surviving court opera house. The wooden elements in the Royal Opera give the acoustics a violin-like sound.   Paul Almasy / Getty Images   Petite Trianon (1768) Petite trianon was commissioned by Louis XV for his mistress, Madame de Pompadour, who did not live to see it completed. It was later gifted by Louis XVI to Marie-Antoinette.  Ã‚   The Petite Trianon, gifted to Marie-Antoinette by Louis XVI. Hans Wild / Getty Images   Louis XVI (1774-1789) Louis XVI ascended to the throne after the death of his grandfather in 1774, though the new king had little interest in governance. Patronage to Versailles by courtiers dropped off quickly, fueling the flames of the budding revolution. In 1789, Marie-Antoinette was in the Petite Trianon when she learned of the mob storming Versailles. Both Marie-Antoinette and King Louis XVI were removed from Versailles and guillotined in the subsequent years. Marie-Antoinette altered the appearance of the queen’s apartments several times during her reign. Most notably, she ordered the construction of a rustic village, The Hamlet of Versailles, complete with a functioning farm and Norman-style cottages. Marie-Antoinette’s Hamlet featured Norman-style cottages, including one for her exclusive use.   Heritage Images / Getty Images Versailles During and After the French Revolution (1789 -1870) After King Louis XVI was guillotined, the Palace of Versailles was forgotten for almost a decade. Most of the furniture was either stolen or sold at auction, though many of the paintings were preserved and brought to the Louvre. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte was coronated as the first emperor of France, and he immediately began the process of moving the government back to Versailles. His time at Versailles was short, however. After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon was removed from power. After Napoleon, Versailles was relatively forgotten. It wasn’t until the Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy that Versailles received significant attention. Louis-Philippe commissioned the creation of a museum at Versailles to unite the people of France. On his order, the prince’s apartments were destroyed, replaced by portrait galleries. Below are the additions made by Louis-Philippe to the Palace of Versailles. The Gallery of Great Battles (1837) A portrait gallery made from the demolition of some of the royal apartments, the Gallery of Great Battles features 30 paintings that depict centuries of military success in France, beginning with Clovis and ending with Napoleon. It is considered to be the most important addition by Louis-Philippe to the Palace of Versailles. The Gallery of Great Battles documents France’s military success from Clovis to Napoleon.   Archive Photos/ Getty Images   The Crusades Rooms (1837) The Crusades Rooms were created with the sole intention of appeasing the nobility of France. Paintings depicting France’s involvement in the Crusades, including the arrival of troops in Constantinople, hang from the walls, and the entrance is marked by the Rhodes Door, a 16th century cedar gift from Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire. The Coronation Room (1833) The famous painting â€Å"The Coronation of Napoleon,† which hangs in the Louvre, inspired the Coronation Room. Napoleon never spent much time at Versailles, but much of the museum is dedicated to Napoleonic art, owing to Louis-Philippe’s nostalgia for the Napoleonic era.    The Congress Chamber (1876) The Congress Chamber was constructed to house the new National Assembly and Congress, a reminder of the governmental power once held at Versailles. In a contemporary context, it is used for addresses by the president and to adopt amendments to the constitution. Yves Forestier / Getty Images  Ã‚   Contemporary Versailles   Renovations in the 20th century by Pierre de Nolhac and Gerald Van der Kemp sought to revive the estate. They dismantled many of the galleries established by Louis-Philippe, rebuilding the royal apartments in their place, and used historical records to design and decorate the estate in the styles of the monarchs who had once resided there. As one of the most frequented attractions in the world, millions of tourists come to the Palace of Versailles annually to see the 120 galleries, 120 residential rooms, and nearly 2,000 acres of gardens. Over the centuries, much of the art and furniture that was stolen or auctioned off has been returned to the palace. Versailles today is used to house symbolic meetings of Congress, state dinners, concerts, and other political and social gatherings.   Sources   Berger, Robert W.  Versailles: The Chateau of Louis XIV. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1985.Cronin, Vincent.  Louis XIV. The Harvill Press, 1990.Frey, Linda, and Marsha Frey.  The French Revolution. Greenwood Press, 2004.Kemp Gerald van der., and Daniel Meyer.  Versailles: Strolling through the Royal Estate. Editions DArt Lys, 1990.Kisluk-Grosheide, Danielle O., and Bertrand Rondot.  Visitors to Versailles: from Louis XIV to the French Revolution. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018.Lewis, Paul. â€Å"Gerald Van Der Kemp, 89, Versailles Restorer.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 15 Jan. 2002.Mitford, Nancy.  The Sun King: Louis XIV at Versailles. New York Review Books, 2012.â€Å"The Estate.†Ã‚  Palace of Versailles, Chateau De Versailles, 21 Sept. 2018.  The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2015.

A&P by John Updike Essays - AP, Free Essays, Term Papers

A&P by John Updike A&P by John Updike In the story "A&P," by John Updike, the main character Sammy makes the leap from an adolescent, knowing little more about life than what he has learned working at the local grocery store, into a man prepared for the rough road that lies ahead. As the story begins, Sammy is nineteen and has no real grasp for the fact that he is about to be living on his own working to support himself. Throughout the course of the story, he changes with a definite step into, first, a young man realizing that he must get out of the hole he is in and further into a man, who has a grasp on reality looking forward to starting his own family. In the beginning, Sammy is but a youth growing up learning what he knows about life in small town grocery store. His role models include, Stokesie, the twenty-two year-old, supporting a family doing the same job Sammy does yet aspiring to one day have the managers position, and Lengel, the store manager who most certainly started out in the same place that Stokesie and he were already in. Stoksie, the great role model, continues to be as adolescent as Sammy, with his "Oh, Daddy, I feel so faint," and even Sammy sees this noting that "as far as I can tell thats the only difference (between he and I)." Sammy whittles away his days looking at pretty girls and thinking about the ways of people. He hardly realizes that this is how he will spend his entire existence if he doesnt soon get out of this job. During this day that will prove to change his life, he makes the step towards his realization. He decides that he doesnt want to spend the rest of his life working at an A&P competing for the store managers position. Sammy thinks to himself about his parents current social class and what they serve at cocktail parties. And, in turn, he thinks about what he will be serving, if he stays at the A&P, "When my parents have somebody over they get lemonade and if its a real racy affair Schlitz in tall glasses with Theyll Do It Every Time cartoons stenciled on." He must get out and the sooner the better. He is still just an adolescent who hasnt completely thought through his decision and yet his mind is made up. He quits his job using the girls merely as an excuse to get out. His final journey to manhood is a short one. He looks around for his girls and notices that they have already left, but he knew that was a futile cause to begin with. And he steps outside to see the world and its opportunities as well as its responsibilities in front of him. Although, Sammy could see "how hard the world would be hereafter," he knew that what was done had to be done. In hindsight, Sammy still knew he had done the right thing as shown by "Now here comes the sad part of the storybut I dont think its so sad myself."

Physiology research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Physiology - Research Paper Example In this regard, the articles primary focus was to establish the functioning underlying the aforementioned cellular mechanism. To this end, one of the methods used was electrophysiology in which all the procedures were concordant to the OHSU IACUC guidelines. This method was soon followed by a procedural process of perforated-patch recordings. The third method or procedure entailed targeted iontophoresis of Ni2+ or Na+. The primary chemicals used in the process were Alexa Fluor 594 hydrazide Na+ salt and Fluo-5F pentapotassium salt derived from Invitrogen. GF-109203X and (-) –Quinpirole hydrochloride were from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville,MO,USA), NBQX, R-CPP, D- AP5, and SR95531 were derived from Ascent Bristol. The remaining chemicals were derived from Sigma-Aldrich. Finally, all the statistical data were tabulated as means  ± standard error of the mean (SEM). In addition, an ANOVA in tandem with a Mann-Whitney U test was used. Furthermore, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test were changed to cumulatice probability distributions. To this end, the findings indicated that calcium-permeable ion channels played a pertinent role in the generation of spontaneous bursts within the auditory brainstem neurons. In this regard, the research exhibited that T-type Ca 2+ channels that were concentrated on the site of action potential initiation in the axon initial area plays a pertinent role in the spontaneous burst creations. Moreover, the calcium influx resulting evident as a block in the auditory system neuron was enough in the conversion of neurons bursting spontaneously within the neurons that fired and exhibited a regular pattern. Evidently, within the auditory brainstem interneurons, the influx of axon initial segment is down-regulated selectively through signalling of dopamine. The research equally showed that the block of calcium could be mediated through the assistance of the

Principles of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Principles of Marketing - Essay Example However, product, place and pricing seem to be the most critical things which determine the success and failures of the product in the market. This paper analyses the importance of Price, Product and Place in the marketing mix. â€Å"To create the right marketing mix, businesses have to meet the following conditions: The product has to have the right features; The price must be right; The goods must be in the right place at the right time† (Marketing mix (Price, Place, Promotion, Product)) The product is the most important thing which determines the success of marketing efforts. No product can survive long in the market if it does not have the right features. For example, current mobile phones have multimedia facilities like camera, audio, video recording and playing, internet & email, touch screen command facilities, etc. It is difficult for a mobile phone product to succeed in the market at present without all these facilities. At the same time if a mobile phone manufacturer succeeded in incorporating any other unique features to their product, they will become the leaders in the market. For example, touch screen facility was introduced in the market for the first time Apple Inc though their revolutionary product iphone. Since the introduction of ipod, many other companies incorporated touch screen facilities to their products. However, no products tasted success just like the iphones. In short, incorporation of the right feature at the right time is important for the success of the product in the market. Products which meet the needs of the consumers will succeed in the market whereas products which failed to catch the attention of the consumers will fail in the market. â€Å"The price should fit the target audience’s ability to pay, and may also need to factor in incentives such as margins for wholesale and retail traders or providers who ensure that the product is delivered to the customer† (4 Ps - Product, Price, Place and Promotion). It is difficult for a product manufacturer to set same price for a product in different markets. They should give discounted price to the wholesalers so that the wholesaler would be able to raise the price slightly to get some profit. Moreover, price can be altered based on the supply and demand theory in economics. When the supply is inadequate with respect to the demand, the prices can be increased whereas when the supply is more than the demand, the prices could be lowered to create more demand. Seasonal pricing is another strategy which is played by the product manufacturers in the market. In some special occasions like, Christmas, Valentine’s Day, President’s Day etc, product manufacturers decrease the price in order to create more demand and to increase the selling. â€Å"Pricing is not as simple as it might seem. In some situations, a lower price will not necessarily mean that more will be sold as the price level could also influence the perceived quality of a product† (Four Ps Of Marketing - Product, Price, Promotion, Placement). Extremely low or higher prices may create misconceptions about the product in the minds of the consumers. For example, Chinese products are extremely cheaper compared to the prices of the competitors which created a sense of inferior quality in the minds of consumers. Thus when a rich person takes a buying decision, he will go for products from other countries because of the established perception about the cheap quality of Chinese products. In short, adequate

Web-Based Courses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Web-Based Courses - Essay Example It asks of the students to remain at the convenience of their homes and attain education which is being imparted on the campuses. This has become such a huge part of our education systems that the world is quickly coming to terms with the very same. More and more research is however needed to ensure that there are fewer flaws in the connectivity systems which guarantee a proper linkage between the university lecturers and the students sitting within their homes or in the form of groups. The people who are most likely to benefit with the coming of age of these web-based university courses include the students who are unable to attain visa and permission for studying abroad in different campuses of the world. Also tuition fees is another significant aspect that comes under the related discussion, which could be marked as one of the reasons as to why students choose to have the web-based university courses in the first place. The disabled fraternity is also likely to achieve high quality education through the adequate use of technology coming under the heading of the web-based university courses and indeed distance learning. Then there are the aged people who are immobile and cannot move as such which form a large percentage of the students who acquire education through the use of the web-based university courses. However the single most significant feature of these people getting connected to the web-based university courses lies in the fact that fees is a major issu e and these people are unable to pay such hefty sums whilst enrolling at the time of admissions to the universities the world over. On the flip side of the coin, the weaknesses, risks, disadvantages and problems concerned with the web-based university courses are also present. These are in the form of absence of providing an interactive discussion with the instructors and fellow students in the real sense of the word. The aspect of asking questions and clarifying points could be marked with

Race and Intersectionality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Race and Intersectionality - Essay Example The paper tells that according to Eliot, intersectionality is the study of the intersections between various disenfranchised minority groups. To be specific, it is the study of the multiple systems’ interactions of discrimination and oppression. It is a study methodology of relationships among many modalities and dimensions of subject formations and social relationships. Racism is an issue of actions, practices, and views that are not only desirable based on gender because they contribute to a sense of superiority and inferiority. It reflects the humanity belief segmented in groups with women experiencing the highest effect of racism than men. Eliot points out that intersectionality tries to look into how and suggests different categories of culture, social and biology interact on many simultaneous levels thus contributing to socially unequal systems. Furthermore, Smith explains that intersectionality is of the stand that traditional conceptualization of acts of oppression in the whole society such as sexism, religion, and racism do not function independently, however, these oppression forms interrelate creating oppression systems that portray the multiple forms intersection of discrimination. â€Å"Racism is not an effect but a tactic in the internal fission of society into binary opposition, a means of creating‘biologized’ internal enemies, against whom society must defend itself†. ... Moreover, another example â€Å"when my son was born I had been deadened with a needle in my spine. He was shown to me-the incredible miracle nothing prepared me for-then taken from me in the name of medical progress†. From the examples, intellectuality is being portrayed in the hospital set up. Stripping away a baby is like stripping a mother all her motherly rights. This portrays how gender is being reflected in the intersectionalism. According to Smith, as individuals seek to create a socially fulfilling and just everyday life and as a colle ction seeking to make history through social movements and political actions, we struggle with unstable connections between class, gender, and race. The explanatory and methodological framework for connecting all these three different axes difference and identity, of antagonism and alliance remains elusive. Harjo observes that any comparative history suggests that solidarity demand across class; race and lines of gender are most likely to compete than to coalesce. According to Eliot, social inequality different intersections are called matrix of domination. This can also be referred to as vectors of privileged and oppression. This term explains how differences in people like class, sexual orientation, age, race among others act as measures of oppression towards the women and finally change experiences in society as living like a woman. Smith explains how women for many years have been raped in wars, the immigrants and the blacks to show them their inferiority or for the men to stamp their authority. For many years the societies have had thinking that influence and fuels oppression and intensify these differences further.

Megacities in Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Megacities in Asia - Essay Example From the per capita income of mere $76 in 1970, the country has catapulted into a huge over $19,000 per capita income in almost 40 years with the total GDP nearing to a trillion dollars. Seoul being its largest city and commercial hub, the population in the city has exploded by over 500 percent since 1960. There has been a huge migration of people from rural parts to the urban area especially to Seoul. Since early 1960s, Seoul has become the major hub of the Korean economy and has transformed into a major megalopolis now. While Seoul constitutes only 0.61% of the country's area, it â€Å"houses about 84% of government bodies and institutions, 88% of Korea’s 30 largest companies, and 75% of the 20-most popular universities in the nation. More than 65% of all bank transactions, both savings and lending, take place in Seoul" (Jeon, 2005 p5).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No other city in the world perhaps takes so much economic burden as Seoul has taken for its nation . Population density in Seoul is so high that the current per person residential space availability is only 20 sq. m. The space availability is quite low when compared with large western cities in the developed world such as London, New York or Paris. Even Tokyo which is considered densely populated provides per person space to the tune of 55 sq. m. On per sq. km basis, population in Seoul stands at 23,908 that shows much higher density than Tokyo at 7,099 people per sq. km. Gini index measures income inequality among the citizens on the scale of 0.0 to 1.0 with 0.

Stalin and Hitler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stalin and Hitler - Essay Example However the research defines that they were triumphant within their countries for an extensive period of time and gives the comparable ways in which they acquired the power that they did. Historians have claimed that their successes could be attributed to the facts that they laid claim to new ideas and political approaches which in fact gave them approval from the citizens of the countries they ruled over for many years. Through the many detailed reports that have been compiled over time it is easily seen that Hitler and Stalin despised each other immensely but this did not change the fact both had common characteristics (Nolte 1999). Because Stalin became focused on building what was seemingly an industrialized empire with little regard for the people, the time period he ruled under was known as "Stalinism" (Nolte 1999). For Hitler, it has been common knowledge for decades now, and even during the time of his ruling that he was focused on communism and developing the world into a communist one, carrying out genocides on cultures that refuted his rule. Therefore, the time of his leadership and power over others was depicted as, "Nazism" (Nolte 1999). Although these are two different types of mental philosophies they hold key elements that are strikingly similar, the main being the thirst for power that both held, again with little acknowledgement for those people that they each considered beneath th em. The each rose to the highest possible position of power attainable in both their countries, ruling with what could only be termed as an iron thumb. For awhile both brainwashed the citizens into believing what was nothing other than false lies and hopes for a better world to live in, and again for a period of time the people followed both of these leaders willingly. The three main reasons they both were able to gain power over people such as this was due to their utilization of propaganda, their amoral views, and the ambition they both had to gain power in the world (Nolte 1999). However, it was also what led to their defeat as well, as history clearly shows. Because they were both known to be quite skilled in the utilization of propaganda, they had the ability of using their words to brainwash and manipulate others into believing that everything that they stated was true. It was undoubtedly through this form of power that they gained the ability to get people to do anything they wanted, which is a fact that points out the characteristic of amorality they both shared as a common trait (Kreis 2006). It could also be said that due to the fact that both Germany and Russia were attempting to recover from WWI, it gave the opportune chance for these dictators to have the opening to rise to a seat of power in their countries because the citizens were searching for hope and wanted to believe that a change in the right direction was going to be possible. However, instead of positivism coming out of the people giving approval for these two leaders to rule over their geographical areas, what happened instead was a nightmare in which the world that they thought was bad worsened due to both of these men demeaning human individuality under the

Megacities in Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Megacities in Asia - Essay Example From the per capita income of mere $76 in 1970, the country has catapulted into a huge over $19,000 per capita income in almost 40 years with the total GDP nearing to a trillion dollars. Seoul being its largest city and commercial hub, the population in the city has exploded by over 500 percent since 1960. There has been a huge migration of people from rural parts to the urban area especially to Seoul. Since early 1960s, Seoul has become the major hub of the Korean economy and has transformed into a major megalopolis now. While Seoul constitutes only 0.61% of the country's area, it â€Å"houses about 84% of government bodies and institutions, 88% of Korea’s 30 largest companies, and 75% of the 20-most popular universities in the nation. More than 65% of all bank transactions, both savings and lending, take place in Seoul" (Jeon, 2005 p5).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No other city in the world perhaps takes so much economic burden as Seoul has taken for its nation . Population density in Seoul is so high that the current per person residential space availability is only 20 sq. m. The space availability is quite low when compared with large western cities in the developed world such as London, New York or Paris. Even Tokyo which is considered densely populated provides per person space to the tune of 55 sq. m. On per sq. km basis, population in Seoul stands at 23,908 that shows much higher density than Tokyo at 7,099 people per sq. km. Gini index measures income inequality among the citizens on the scale of 0.0 to 1.0 with 0.

Enterprise Architecture Essay Example for Free

Enterprise Architecture Essay 1) The three key disciplines used to effectively construct a Foundation of Execution are: Operating Model This dictates the level of business process integration and standardization for delivering goods and services to customers. Process Integration depicts the extent to which business units share data and enables end-to-end and a single interface for the customer The Operating Model involves a commitment to how the company will operate Enterprise Architecture This is the organizing logic for business processes and IT infrastructure which reflects the integration and standardization requirements of the company’s operating model. The Enterprise Architecture provides a long term view of a company’s process, systems, and technologies in order to build long term sustainable capabilities. IT Engagement Model The IT Engagement Model is the governance mechanism that ensures business and IT projects achieve both local and companywide objectives. This Model influences projects decisions ensuring that individual solutions are designed according to the enterprise architecture. The IT Engagement Model provides alignment between IT and the business objectives of projects. 2) The Enterprise Architecture communicates the high-level business process and IT requirements of a company’s operating model. This differs from IT Architecture to the degree of granularity that is presented. Enterprise Architecture does not provide the necessary details to map out technical or process design requirements. The IT Architecture developed by the IT unit is a more detailed architecture of applications, data and information, and technology. IT Architecture when developed with a clear understanding of the Enterprise Architecture provides long-term value because they provide the long-term vision for immediate solutions. 3) The current market trends and speed at which technology and the competitive landscape is constantly changes make it difficult for companies  to be able to adapt and survive. Complex Information systems restrain companies from being able to adapt in order to compete or leverage new technology and concepts. Companies without a solid foundation face the following risks: The effects of growing complexity on business operations The pressure that agility places the foundation of execution Role of business discipline in current national and political environments Role of costs in absence of foundation of execution Business agility increasingly depends on a Foundation of Execution. Implementing standardize, digitized processes results in simpler technology environments, lower cost operations and greater agility. 4) An operating model has two dimensions: business process standardization and integration. Companies are characterized into the following Operating Models: Diversification: Low Standardization, Low Integration Coordination: Low Standardization, High Integration Replication: High Standardization, Low Integration Unification: High Standardization, High Integration Examples: a. Unification Model – Delta Airlines Consisted of many IT platforms unable to communicate with each other Management and IT staff reached a common understanding of what capabilities the company would develop to support future strategies. In order to create a clear vision management defined four core processes. b. Diversification Model – Carlson Companies Each of Carlson’s portfolio of companies run more or less independently of each other. Carlson’s enterprise architecture core diagram shares technical infrastructure services while the business units retain control over local business processes and IT applications c. Coordination Model – MetLife MetLife’s strategy and operating model focused on providing integrated customer service across products. This required extraction of customer information and making it centrally available d. Replication Model – ING DIRECT ING DIRECT’s service modules digitize standardized processes across its business units. The identification of major service categories helps management understand existing capabilities and target new opportunities. 5) The four stages of Architecture Maturity are: Business Silo Architecture: where companies look to maximize individual business unit needs or functional needs Standardized Technology Architecture: providing IT efficiencies through technology standardization and, in most cases, increased centralization of technology management Optimized core architecture: provides companywide data and process standardization as appropriate for the operating model Business Modularity Architecture: where companies manage and reuse loosely coupled IT-enabled business process components to preserve global standards while enabling local differences 6) The strategic implications of the four architecture stages are as follows: Business Silos – Local / Functional optimization Standardized Technology / IT efficiency Optimized core / Business Operational efficiency Business Modularity / Strategic Agility 7) The three main ingredients 0f the IT Engagement Model: Companywide IT governance: decision rights and accountability framework to encourage desirable behavior in the use of IT Project management: formalized  project methodology, with clear deliverables and regular checkpoints Linking mechanisms: processes and decision-making bodies that align incentives and connect the project-level activities to the overall IT governance. 8) IT governance is the decision rights and accountability framework for encouraging desirable behaviors in the use of IT. IT governance reflects broader corporate governance principles while focusing on the management and use of IT to achieve corporate performance goals. IT governance encompasses five major decision areas related to the management and use of IT in a firm, all of which should be driven by the operating model: I. IT principles: high level decisions about the strategic role of IT in the business II. Enterprise architecture: the organizing logic for business processes and IT infrastructure III. IT infrastructure: centrally coordinated, shared IT services providing part of the foundation of execution IV. Business application needs: business requirements for purchased or internally developed IT applications that both use and build the foundation for execution V. Prioritization and investment: decisions about how much and where to invest in IT, including project approval and justification techniques. 9) Linking mechanisms is the third essential ingredient of the IT engagement model. Linking mechanisms connect companywide governance and projects. Good IT governance ensures that there’s clear direction on how to evolve the company’s foundation. Good project management ensures that projects are implemented effectively, efficiently, and in a consistent manner to maximize learning. Good linking mechanisms ensure that projects incrementally build the company’s foundation and that the design of the company’s foundation is informed by projects. There are three types of linking mechanisms (architecture linkage, business linkage, and alignment linkage) that address the key alignment and coordination concerns of the company. Architecture Linkage establishes and updates standards, reviews projects for compliance, and approves exceptions. Architecture linkage connects the IT governance decisions about architecture with project design decisions. Business linkage ensures that business goals are translated effectively into project  goals. Business linkage coordinates projects, connects them to larger transformation efforts, and focuses projects on attacking specific problems in the best possible way. Alignment linkage mechanisms ensure ongoing communication and negotiation between IT and business concerns. Business IT relationship mangers and Business unit CIOs are typically a critical linkage fro translating back and forth between business goals and IT constraints. 10) The three ingredients of engagement that create business value are IT governance, Project management and Linking mechanisms. Clear, specific, and actionable objectives: In order to be effective, IT engagement models clarify strategic objectives so standardization and integration requirements are clear. Motivation to meet company goals: Formal incentives such as bonus plans, annual reviews, etc help ensure focus from business unit leaders and project managers on company, business unit and project goals Enforcement authority: Formal enforcements such as complementary to formal incentives help build an effort’s credibility. Enforcement provides a process for changing, discontinuing, or granting an exception to a project that is not compliant with the target enterprise architecture. Early Intervention and prevention: In order to prevent bad solutions form being deigned, IT groups engage with business projects during the earliest stages of development to prevent bad solutions from being designed in the first place and also to learn how to improve target architecture. Transparent, regular, two-way communication: Good engagement ensures that everyone is clear on how the model works. Alignment and coordination are achieved and maintained through regular dialogue between business and IT and across business units.

Ethical Issues in Video Games

Ethical Issues in Video Games Are Ethics Important /Relevant in Visual Media? Discuss This essay aims to understand what video games are and which kind of ethical questions they pose from various perspectives and to determine which ethical problems video games pose. These issues will be described using ethical conceptual terms and will be explained using ethical theory to attempt to reach a verdict on the ethical nature of video games. Philosophers and ethicists are interested in the ethical dilemmas in the intersection of arts, culture and technology posed by video games, while game designers might be interested not only in the argument for ethics in games, but also the implementation of ethical discussion that may lead to more mature, challenging products. The term game covers a wide range of different activities and pastimes. Soccer, tennis, monopoly and Grand Theft Auto V (2014) can all be categorised as games, with very different experiences and rules. They do however; hold similar elements that define them as the same class. To understand what exactly games we can refer to Jesper Juulwho states that aÂÂ   game isÂÂ   a rule-based system withÂÂ   a variableÂÂ   andÂÂ   quantifiableÂÂ   outcome, where different outcomes are assigned different values, the player exerts effortÂÂ   inÂÂ   order to influence the out-come, the player feels attached to the outcome, and the consequencesÂÂ   ofÂÂ   theÂÂ   activityÂÂ   areÂÂ   optionalÂÂ   andÂÂ   negotiableÂÂ   (Juul, 2004). Video games are utilized through the use of computer power and the computer controls the rules in which the game is played with the player interacting through the use of a video display Juul merged different approaches and concepts to allow researchers to share their findingsin a common language. Juuls definition outlines the difference between the different levels of functionality and fundamental rules created in most games. (Miguel sicart, 2005)This means that video games can be analysed as self-contained worlds and systems separately and also how they interact with each other. Neither takes into account the player or the intentions the player has while interacting with the game. This separation is important while attempting to gain an ethical understanding of a game because it entrusts the player with moral attributes and gives the ability to the player to create their individual experiences based on their own values and cultural influences. In short, games are made up of a precise set of rules that creates a world that a player experiences. (Zimmerman Salen, 2003). It could also be said thata video game only exists when being interacted with even though it is possible to outline its rules, which are the objective nature and could be treated as a important part of the construction of the players experience. Understanding the ethics involved in video games will require the researcher to determine precisely how a computer game as an object with moral attributes and experiences is created. Aristotles distinction between potential and actuality can be used here. For example, if a player reads a rule book for a game of any type they can have an overall view of what that game consists of. It does not however, give the user a complete overview of the history of chess or many other elements of the game such as the type of player you are in competition against or a view of flaws that may be present in a particular opponents stra tegy. The substance of any type of game is not just its rules but also the practical existence of those rules. To fully understand this relationship we can use a classic distinction of Aristotelian metaphysics that is potentiality and actuality According to Aristotles metaphysics, things present a capability of evolving into a different and more complete state, this can also be referred to as the actuality of that thing. The classic example would be a boy being the potentiality of a man. Aristotle also argues that actuality is prior and has priority over actuality: before defining what the potentiality might be, we have to be aware of its actuality; and it is this actuality which is the reason why the potentiality is not only acquired, but developed. (Stanfordedu, 2016) In regards to video games, just like any other form of games, this means that the rules of a game are only viewed as the potential contained within the game, only by playing the game can we understand the potential places the game can be taken. In a game like Candy Crush (2014), different coloured pieces of candy fall down the screen and need to be matched with the same type candies, the goal is to avoid filling the screen are the conditions for the game that which the players abide by in order to play the game successfully. The rule set contains the ways the game can be played, but only the presence of a player will activate those potentialities and make them become a game (Miguel sicart, 2005)

Do Your Thing Honey! Essay examples -- Musicians

For a singer to skyrocket at such a fast pace, the person must truly be something special. To be able to do so and not change as a person is truly spectacular. When Rihanna came onto the scene, there were plenty of young female singers who wanted to put their staple into music. To be successful for a music artist, it all relies on timing. If too much time passes, a star is forgotten. Rihanna is a girl with staying power. She goes on from one hit to the next, always staying fresh and current. Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on February 20, 1988 in St. Michael Parish, on the Caribbean Island of Barbados to Monica and Ronald Fenty. She had a rocky childhood dealing with her father’s addiction to alcohol and crack. One day Rihanna had walked in on her father smoking crack. â€Å"I will never forgive myself for what I did to her. I will always have nightmares as I think of her crying, begging me to stop. But I was a hopeless addict and I couldn’t care. My beautiful daughter should never have witnessed the things she did† (Edwards 13), stated Ronald Fenty. These problems lead to her parents’ divorce when she was fourteen years old. As a child, Rihanna suffered from crippling headaches but she kept it to herself so as not to feel abnormal. â€Å"It was not until her parents separated when she was a young teen that the headaches finally disappeared† (Edwards 8). Rihanna soon realized that it came from hiding her feelings. At age three, Rihanna began to sing and imitate her favorite artist. Whitney Houston’s â€Å"Saving All My Love for You† was her favorite. At the age of seven, her vocals began to really shine through. The neighbors would often complain about Rihanna’s singing. She would ignore them and keep belting out her songs. She could sing a... ...r meager beginning, to her lucky landing at Def Jam Rihanna has been herself. She knew what she wanted and she went after it. She did not let her childhood be the reason to settle. There is so much potential for her as an entertainer. If entertainment is all about timing, Rihanna seems to be right on time. Works Cited Biography.com. â€Å"Rihanna.† 2012. Biography.com. A+E Television Networks, LLC. Web. 13 March 2012. http://www.biography.com/people/rihanna-201257 Edwards, Laurie J. Rihanna. United States: Gale, Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Heatley, Michael, and Graham Betts. Bad Girl Rihanna. United Kingdom: Flame Tree Publishing, 2012. Print. â€Å"Rihanna Biography.† 2011. Rihanna Daily.13 March 2012. Web. http://rihannadaily.com/rihanna/biography/ Spines, Christine. â€Å"Rihanna Exposed.† Cosmopolitan 250.7 (2011): 30. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 13 March 2012.

The Genetic Screening Dilemma Essay -- Technology Science DNA Essays

The Genetic Screening Dilemma The National Academy of Science defines genetic screening as the systematic search of a population for persons with latent, early, or asymptomatic disease. The term genetic testing is often used interchangeably, but differs in that it only targets those individuals believed to be at high risk for an inherited condition. Genetic screening has a much broader target population. As genetic screening becomes easier, faster, and less expensive, there is a growing debate about who should be tested, what those results should be used for, and who should have access to those results. Before addressing these questions it is necessary to understand the basic processes involved in genetic screening. The techniques used for genetic screening are based on the recognition of nucleotide sequences in the DNA. The most commonly used method is called restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). RFLP uses restriction enzymes to cleave the DNA at specific sequences. Cleavage of the DNA generates small restriction fragments of varying length. Electrophoresis is then used to separate the fragments with respect to size and/or charge. The sample is added to an agarose gel plate which is electrically charged for a specific length of time. The smaller and more negatively charged fragments move to the positively charged pole the quickest. A banding pattern with many bands is generated. The bands are then transferred to a nylon membrane by Southern Blot. A radiolabled probe which binds specifically to a sequence of interest is added to the membrane. The banding pattern can now be observed and specific sequences identified. The problems with RFLP are that it is expensive and time consuming. RFLP is the process used for... ...for research. I do not believe that the knowledge of genetic information will affect the decision to reproduce to the extent that alleles will actually be eliminated. Many people will probably not even know their exact genetic makeup. Those who do may decide to have children regardless of the risks. Due to these situations, the elimination of an allele from a human population would be very unlikely. There is also a high likelihood of gene flow occurring between populations because people are highly mobile. Gene flow between populations would act to increase diversity and counteract any reduction of alleles that is taking place. Genetic screening is a powerful technology. Many risks are involved, but they can be easily reduced by responsible management of information. The information that can be gained with the aid of genetic screening far outweighs the risks.

Background and Structure on the United Nations

Student Handout Background on the United Nations Basic Facts of the United Nations The United Nations was founded in 1945 with the mission to maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote cooperation in solving the world’s problems, and encourage a respect for human rights. It uk/why-nations-fail-chapter-5-review/">provides the nations of the world a forum to balance their national interests with the interests of the global whole. It operates on the voluntary cooperation and participation of its member nations. Nothing can be accomplished without their agreement and participation.Currently, there are 191 member countries with different social, political, and economic systems. These countries agree to peacefully settle disputes, refrain from threatening or using force against each other, and refuse to help other nations that oppose the U. N. ’s mission. Headquartered in New York City, the U. N. is a separate and independent entity with its own f lag, post office and postage stamps, and its buildings sit on international territory. Six official languages are used at the U. N. – Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. Creation of the United Nations The creation of the U.N. resulted from a long history to promote international cooperation. Nineteenth century European philosophers and statesmen like Immanuel Kant had proposed a federation of nations dedicated to protecting the rights of smaller countries caught up in struggles between larger ones. The federation would punish any nation that committed an act of aggression against another. This idea became a reality after World War I with the establishment of the League of Nations. The League was the brain-child of U. S. President Woodrow Wilson and some of the victorious European powers.During its operation from 1920 and 1946 it enjoyed a few notable successes but ultimately faltered when it couldn’t prevent World War II. It suffered from two major flaws: 1) several of the world’s most powerful and influential countries were not members, including the Untied States; 2) The League required unanimous agreement to oppose aggression. If any member disagreed, the League was powerless to act. Thus, when Germany, Italy, and Japan took military action against fellow members of the League in the late 1930s, they would not agree to take action against themselves to stop their aggression.In the end, the League failed in is primary mission to prevent another world war. While fighting the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II, United States President, Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin met several times between 1941 and 1945 to develop an international peacekeeping organization with the goal of preventing future wars on the scale of World War II. In April of 1945, even before the war was officially over, representatives from 50 countries met in San Fr ancisco to create the charter for the United Nations.Similar to the League of Nations, the U. N. was created to promote international peace and prevent another world war. To avoid the structural failures of the League, the U. N. founders gathered the support of the world’s most powerful nations. U. S. participation was secured when the U. N. headquarters were located in New York City. To provide enough power to impose and enforce its will, a security council was developed with authority to take action against aggressor nations. To reassure powerful nations that their sovereignty would not be threatened, the U.N provided veto authority over its actions. The five victors of World War II – the U. S. Britain, France, the Soviet Union (which Russia gained at the break up of the U. S. S. S. ) and China – received this veto power. A veto provides any one of the five permanent Security Council members the authority to reject any U. N. resolution. The Structure and opera tion of the United Nations Accomplishments of the United Nations: During its 60-year history, the U. N. has achieved many remarkable accomplishments in fulfilling it goals.The U. N. has peacefully negotiated 172 peace settlements that have ended regional conflicts and is credited with participation in over 300 international treaties on topics as varied as human rights conventions to agreements on the use of outer space and the oceans. The U. N. has been involved in every major war and international crisis since its inception and has served as a catalyst for the prevention of others. It authorized the international coalitions that fought in the Korean War (1950-53) and the Persian Gulf War (1991).It provided a forum for mediation in the ArabIsraeli conflict resulting in numerous peace accords and keeping the conflict localized to the Middle East. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the U. N. was used as a podium by the United States to challenge the Soviet Union’s placeme nt of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The embarrassment of public indictment was instrumental in forcing the Soviets to remove the missiles. U. N. military forces (provided by member states) have conducted over 35 peacekeeping missions providing security and reducing armed conflict.In 1988, the U. N. Peace-Keeping Forces received the Nobel Prize for Peace. The U. N. has also set up war crimes tribunals to try war criminals in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The U. N. has also made great strides in raising the consciousness of human rights beginning with the â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights† adopted by the General Assembly in 1948. The U. N. Commission on Human Rights through its investigations and technical assistance in promoting free and fair elections has helped many countries in the transition to democracy. The U. N. s intense attention to specific human rights abuses helped end apartheid in South Africa. In its humanitarian efforts, more than 30 million refugees f leeing war, persecution, or famine have received aid from the U. N. High Commissioner for Refugees. The International Court of Justice has helped settle numerous international disputes involving territorial issues, hostage-taking and economic rights. Since the end of the Cold War, the U. N. has become increasingly involved in providing humanitarian assistance and promoting improvements in the health of the world’s peoples.In addition to providing relief for humanitarian crises caused by international conflicts, the U. N. can also respond to emergencies caused by natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes. On a proactive level, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other U. N. affiliated groups have eliminated smallpox and are actively pursuing a battle against AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria around the world. The WHO played a significant role in diagnosing and containing the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003. U. N. rograms, like the United Nati ons Children’s Fund (UNICEF) have saved and enriched the lives of the world’s children through immunization programs for polio, tetanus, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria and tuberculosis. The lives of over 3 million children a year have been saved. The U. N. operates under the principle that promoting economic and social development will help bring about lasting world peace. The United Nations Development Program provides economic assistance through expert advice, training, and limited equipment to developing countries.The U. N. Development Program coordinates all the U. N. efforts in developing nations and has had success in part because it is not perceived as an outside group threatening a developing countries’ authority or degenerating it to colonial rule. In addition to promoting workers rights and the right to organize and bargain for better pay and working conditions, the U. N. has also played a significant role in improving agricultural techniques and increasing crop yields in Asia, Africa and South America. The U.N. has also helped developing nations obtain funding projects through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank. A related U. N. agency, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) promotes international cooperation on monetary issues and encourages stable exchange rates among nations. Sources: Wikipedia Encyclopedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations Encarta Encyclopedia: http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761564986/United_Nations. html

How Nothing’s Changed and Two Scavengers deal with social injustices Essay

Both â€Å"Nothing’s Changed† and â€Å"Two Scavengers† deal with social injustices, however, there are some big differences between them. â€Å"Nothing’s Changed† is set in Cape Town, Africa and focuses on the segregation of black and white people, after an apartheid was made. It is an autobiographical poem by Tatumkhulu Afrika. The poem is about how District Six used to be a place for blacks and whites to live together. But when that changed, Tatumkhulu left in anger (and prison). Now he has returned to his old home after many years and has discovered that the segregation has gotten wider and worse. The social injustice in the poem is the black and white segregation. On the other hand, â€Å"Two Scavengers† deals with the social segregation between the classes in America. At a set of traffic lights, early in the morning (9am), a garbage truck has stopped next to a couple in a Mercedes. The garbage men then ponder on the class system and how they are less respected by people like this couple. They wonder if they’d ever be seen as equals as they wonder if the democracy of America really works. The social injustice in the poem is the way the different classes are each treated differently. The first stanza of â€Å"Nothing’s Changed† is setting the scene as the writer walks towards his old home. We can tell that the area is now a wasteland by what the writer treads over (like the cans and weeds) on his walk back home. We can tell he’s angry from how his old home has turned out from when he says, â€Å"The hot, white, inwards turning anger of my eyes†, as he knows he has returned home. Although all of the stanzas use commas a lot, the second stanza uses â€Å"and† after each comma. I feel that the commas are used to in order to add more expression as you read, and as you pause at each comma, you wonder what’s coming next, thus creating suspense even though, in my opinion, the poem is not that exciting or interesting enough for it to have any use. On the other hand, the â€Å"ands† that are used throughout the second stanza, instead picks up the pace as we experience what he is going through at the same time that he is going through his feeling, since the poem is wrote in first person, as if he is actually reliving these memories, making us feel more emotional and connected to the writer. In the fourth stanza, there is only one line, but one that I feel is a very important line for comparing the poems.†No sign says it is: but we know where we belong†.This line shows us that although no one is saying that whites are treated better (new restaurant) than blacks (working man’s cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½), this line shows us that the blacks know that the segregation is still there. The writer says of how his, â€Å"Hands burn for a stone, a bomb, to shiver down the glass† of the whites only restaurant. We know that this is the same reason why the writer was sent. to prison all those years ago, but we are unsure whether this is that memory he is â€Å"reliving† or if he is speaking of the present day.The next and final sentence of the poem has the writer commenting that, â€Å"Nothing’s Changed†. This, I’d like to believe, tells us that, either way, the writer is willing to risk prison (or worse?) in order to vent his anger at the segregation. The first stanza of â€Å"Two Scavengers† sets the scene by introducing us to the characters and telling us what they are doing.The garbage truck is described as â€Å"bright yellow† while the garbage men are described wearing â€Å"red plastic blazers†, both of which would stand out anywhere in San Francisco at nine in the morning. I feel that this tells us that no matter how hard the government might try to â€Å"hide† the garbage men, they are going to get noticed at some point. The writer says of the garbage men, â€Å"one on each side hanging on†, in reference to where they are on the garbage truck (back stoop).This makes me think that the writer is trying to make out that the men are struggling to hold on to this job, even though it is such a looked down upon job. The writer then says that the two garbage men are â€Å"looking down into an elegant open Mercedes with an elegant couple in it†. In that section, the writer has took the literal meaning of â€Å"looking down† but we also think of the figurative meaning and then are meant to wonder if the garbage men are in fact better people than the couple and so their position should be swapped. From the fact we know that the couple are heading to his architect’s office while the garbage men are on their journey home, shows us that the couple and garbage men are like night and day, both there, but never at the same time. This emphasizes the segregation between the different classes. In the second stanza, the writer describes the older of the two garbage men as some â€Å"gargoyle Quasimodo†, Quasimodo being the title character of â€Å"The Hunchback of Notre Dame†, the main theme of the book being the cruelty of social injustice.Quasimodo led a tragic life, being kind and loving despite his ugliness. However, he dies of a broken heart. Quasimodo means â€Å"almost finished† or â€Å"half made†.From this, I believe that the writer is backing up my point about the garbage men perhaps being better people than the couple and that what we are seeing of the garbage men is only the tip (no pun intended) of the iceberg. In the second stanza, the writer describes the older of the two garbage men as some â€Å"gargoyle Quasimodo†, Quasimodo being the title character of â€Å"The Hunchback of Notre Dame†, the main theme of the book being the cruelty of social injustice.Quasimodo led a tragic life, being kind and loving despite his ugliness. However, he dies of a broken heart. Quasimodo means â€Å"almost finished† or â€Å"half made†.From this, I believe that the writer is backing up my point about the garbage men perhaps being better people than the couple and that what we are seeing of the garbage men is only the tip (no pun intended) of the iceberg. The last stanza is made almost entirely of a metaphor, one part of which grabs my attention because it is an oxymoron, the part being â€Å"small gulf†.The metaphor describes how even though there is not much of a gap between the two vehicles, making it easy for one person to climb into the other vehicle, they’ll never be able to do so because of the class system and how, because of it, they are always going to be looked down upon. Of course, the two poems are similar in the way that they both deal with social injustices (Class system and Segregation), but, in the same way, different because the two place settings (San Francisco and Cape Town) are so far apart. In â€Å"Nothing’s Changed†, as previously mentioned, the writer uses a lot of commas to slow down the pace in order, I believe, to add suspense.On the other hand, the writer of â€Å"Two Scavengers† doesn’t use any punctuation, instead stopping the line whenever he wants the reader to stop and let what they’ve just read sink in. Because of the punctuation, the structure of â€Å"Nothing’s Changed† looks less pre-prepared and more â€Å"straight from the heart†, as the plot would suggest.However, â€Å"Two Scavengers† is neater in it’s construction, despite the lack of punctuation, thus giving off the opposite feel to â€Å"Nothing’s Changed†. After studying both poems, although I feel that I wouldn’t need to, it’s obvious to me that â€Å"Nothing’s Changed† shows far more anger, raw as it might be, than â€Å"Two Scavengers†.The reasons for this being that in â€Å"Nothing’s Changed†, there is a constant reminder of how angry the writer is as he walks around his old home, in the end, of course, wishing he had a bomb to blow up a white’s only restaurant.But, in â€Å"Two Scavengers†, the two garbage men look at the social injustice in hope rather than anger, as seen by when they wonder if they’d ever be able to reach in to the Mercedes and start a normal conversation with the couple, like old friends.